ACRYLIC ACID
ACRYLIC ACID
Acrylic acid is an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid which will undergo the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid as well as those of a vinyl compound.
Acrylic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid and a precursor for many other acrylates, acrylic polymers, and co-polymers.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor that is miscible with water, alcohols, and ethers.
CAS Number: 79-10-7
EC Number: 201-177-9
Chemical Formula: C3H4O2
Molecular Weight: 72.06 g/mol
Synonyms: GAA, ACRYLIC ACID, 2-Propenoic acid, 79-10-7, Propenoic acid, prop-2-enoic acid, Vinylformic acid, Acroleic acid, Propene acid, Ethylenecarboxylic acid, Acrylic Acid, Acroleic acid, Propenoic acid, Vinylformic acid, 2-Propenoic acid, Refined Acrylic Acid, High Purity Acrylic Acid, GAA, Glacial Acrylic Acid, 2-Propenoic acid, vinyl formic acid, Ethylenecarboxylic acid, Methacrylic Acid, 2-Propenoic acid, 2-methyl-, a-Methylacrylic Acid
Acrylic acid’s molecular formula is C3H4O2.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor.
Acrylic acid has a role as a metabolite.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor.
Acrylic acid is miscible with water, alcohols and ethers.
Acrylic acid will undergo the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid, as well as reactions of the double bond similar to those of the acrylate esters.
Acrylic acid lends itself to polymer preparation as well as use as a chemical intermediate.
Acrylate esters, both mono- and multifunctional, are generally prepared from acrylic acid.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor.
Acrylic acid is miscible with water, soluble in most organic solvents and has relatively low volatility.
Acrylic acid, appears as a colorless liquid with a distinctive acrid odor.
Acrylic acid is a colorless liquid with a distinctive acrid odor.
Flash point of Acrylic acid is 130°F.
Acrylic acid is a alpha,beta-unsaturated monocarboxylic acid that is ethene substituted by a carboxy group.
Acrylic acid has a role as a metabolite.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colourless liquid with an acrid odour which is miscible with water, alcohols and ethers.
Acrylic acid is an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid which will undergo the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid as well as those of a vinyl compound.
Acrylic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid and a precursor for many other acrylates, acrylic polymers, and co-polymers.
Acrylic acid is the basic building block for all acrylic chemistry.
Acrylic acid is an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid.
Acrylic acid is an effective as a vinyl compound and as a carboxylic acid.
Acrylic acid is easily subjected to radial (co)polymerization and addition reactions.
Copolymers of Acrylic acid can be prepared with (meth)acrylic esters, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, styrene, and other monomers by all known radical polymerization technologies.
Acrylic acid is an unsaturated monocarboxylic acid monomer which is a clear, colourless liquid with an acrid odour which is miscible with water, alcohols and ethers.
Acrylic acid’s molecular formula is C3H4O2.
Acrylic acid is a highly pure acrylic acid used for an organic synthesis and polyelectrolyte.
Acrylic acid contains 220 ppm MEHQ inhibitor.
Acrylic acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid available in the form of clear colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor.
Acrylic acid is miscible with water, alcohols and ethers.
Acrylic acid is undergone the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid, as well as reactions of the double bond similar to those of the acrylate esters.
Acrylic acid is used for polymer preparation and as a chemical intermediate.
Acrylate esters are generally prepared from acrylic acid.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic acrid odor.
Acrylic acid is miscible with water, alcohols and ethers.
Acrylic acid will undergo the typical reactions of a carboxylic acid, as well as reactions of the double bond similar to those of the acrylate esters.
Acrylic acid lends itself to polymer preparation as well as use as a chemical intermediate.
Acrylate esters, both mono- and multifunctional, are generally prepared from acrylic acid.
Acrylic acid is an unsaturated carboxylic acid co-monomer used in a wide range of copolymers.
Acrylic acid readily copolymerizes with acrylic and methacrylic esters, ethylene, vinyl acetate, styrene, butadiene, acrylonitrile, maleic acid esters, vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride.
Copolymers which contain Acrylic acid can be solubilized or exhibit improved dispersed in water; the carboxylic acid moiety can be used for coupling or crosslinking reactions.
Acrylic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent, acrid odor.
Acrylic acid’s comprised of a polymerizable vinyl functional group on one end and a reactive acid group on the other end.
Acrylic acid is miscible with water, soluble in most organic solvents and has relatively low volatility.
Acrylic acid’s vapor is heavier than air.
Acrylic acid copolymerizes readily with a wide variety of monomers.
The added acid group imparts properties such as durability, strength, adhesion and an elevated Tg.
Applications Acrylic acid can be homopolymerized into polyacrylic acid which is used in super absorbent polymers (SAPs), ion exchange resins and detergents.
Acrylic acid can be co-polymerized with a variety of other monomers such as MMA, EHA, VAM, styrene and vinyl chloride.
These products exhibit good weather ability, flexibility, hardness and abrasion resistance.
Acrylic acid Market Overview:
The Acrylic acid Market size is expected to develop revenue and exponential market growth at a remarkable CAGR during the forecast period from 2023–2030.
The growth of the market can be attributed to the increasing demand for Acrylic acid owning to the Paints and Coatings, Textile Industry, Water Treatment Agent, Pulp and Paper, Petroleum, Other Applications across the global level.
The report provides insights regarding the lucrative opportunities in the Acrylic acid Market at the country level.
The report also includes a precise cost, segments, trends, region, and commercial development of the major key players globally for the projected period.
The Acrylic acid Market report represents gathered information about a market within an industry or various industries.
The Acrylic acid Market report includes analysis in terms of both quantitative and qualitative data with a forecast period of the report extending from 2023 to 2030.
Uses of Acrylic Acid:
Acrylic acid is used copolymer-based finishes, coatings, adhesives, inks, lubricants, saturants, and plastics.
Acrylic acid is also used in the production of a wide variety of specialty esters, in drilling fluids and mineral processing chemicals, detergent builders, water treatment chemicals and in superabsorbent materials.
Acrylic acid is also used in the manufacture of paints, coatings, adhesives and binders, detergents, diapers and floor polishes as well as finding use in a variety of medical applications.
Acrylic acid is widely used in super absorbent polymer, addition polymerization of macromolecular and monomer for polyelectrolyte, organic synthesis, water treatment reagent and paper-making chemicals as functional monomer.
Acrylic acid is a chemical which is typically polymerized to give mechanical structure emulsions and resins.
Acrylic acid is used as raw material for specialty acrylates.
Recommended for application of Acrylic acid in production of impregnating materials and adhesives.
Acrylic acid is used in the production of polymers and acrylate esters and as a feedstock for chemical syntheses.
Acrylic acid is used in coatings, adhesives, solid resins, molding compounds.
Acrylic acid has useful properties such as flexibility, good weathering, adhesion, hardness and resistance to abrasion and oils and as such it is used as an additive in a wide range of products.
Acrylic acid is used as an additive in a variety of copolymer-based finishes, coatings, adhesives, inks, lubricants, saturants, and plastics.
Acrylic acid is also used in a range of esters for specialist applications such as in water treatment chemicals, drilling fluids, mineral processing chemicals,detergent builders andsuperabsorbents.
As a superabsorbent polymer (SAP), Acrylic acid is used in the production of nappies and other sanitary products.
Acrylic acid can also be copolymerised with acrylamides, which act as a flocculant in water purification.
Acrylic acid is a water free version of acrylic acid.
Acrylic acid and the its acrylates are used as the components for polymers used in adhesives, coatings, inks, plastics, elastomers, water treatment, personal care, and various other industries.
Acrylic acid is commonly used in a number of end products such as textile, leather and paper finishes, floor polish, plastics, scale inhibitors, hair styling and finishing products, paints, lacquers, adhesives, vehicle paint, dispersants, saturants and thickeners.
Acrylic acid is used to produce various esters from esterification reactions with alcohol.
Polyacrylic acid and copolymers of Acrylic acid are used in the pulp and paper, paint and varnish, textile industries, the production of detergents, ceramics, perfumes, and cosmetics, in water treatment, in medicine and oil production as binders, film-forming agents, thickeners, scale inhibitors, adhesives, drilling mud modifiers, modifiers drugs, etc.
The scope of their application of Acrylic acid is constantly expanding.
Acrylic acid is used to synthesize its esters and salts.
Acrylic acid is used in the production of superabsorbent.
Acrylic acid has useful properties such as flexibility, good weathering, adhesion, hardness and resistance to abrasion and oils and as such it is used as an additive in a wide range of products.
Acrylic acid readily copolymerizes with acrylic and methacrylic esters, ethylene, vinyl acetate, styrene, butadiene, acrylonitrile, maleic esters, vinyl chloride and vinylidene chloride.
Acrylic acid has 2 main application, for the polymeric application and for the manufacture of acrylate esters.
Acrylic acid is commonly used as an additive in a variety of copolymer-based finishes, coatings, adhesives, inks, lubricants, textile, leather, paper finishes, floor polish, plastics, scale inhibitors, hair styling and finishing products, paints, lacquers, plastics, adhesives, dispersants, and thickeners.
Acrylic acid is also used in a range of esters for specialist applications such as in water treatment chemicals when it’s copolymerised with acrylamides, in drilling fluids, in mineral processing chemicals, detergent builders and in super absorbents polymers (SAP) for the production of nappies and sanitary products.
Acrylic acid is used Super Absorbent Polymers, Water Treatment, Enhanced Oil Recovery, Paints and Coatings, Adhesives, and Detergents.
Acrylic acid copolymers can be used in the form of their free acids, ammonium salts or alkali salts in applications such as thickeners, dispersing agents, flocculants, protective colloids and polymer dispersions, wetting agents, coatings, adhesives, inks and textile finishes.
Acrylic acid is used in industries of a super absorbent polymer, and an addition polymerization of macromolecule.
Acrylic acid is also used in a wide variety of specialty copolymers in drilling fluids and mineral processing chemicals, water treatment polymers and superabsorbent materials.
Suggested Industries:
Adhesives & Sealants,
Plastics & Packaging,
Coatings & Paints,
Construction & Building Materials
Applications of Acrylic Acid:
Acrylic acid has a variety of applications across different industries due to its versatile chemical properties.
Here are some of the key applications:
Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs):
Acrylic acid is a primary raw material in the production of superabsorbent polymers used in products like diapers and adult incontinence products.
Acrylic Resins and Coatings:
Acrylic acid is used in the manufacture of acrylic resins, which are employed in paints, coatings, adhesives, and sealants due to their durability, gloss, and weather resistance.
Industrial Adhesives:
Acrylic acid is used in the formulation of adhesives for bonding materials like plastics, metals, and wood.
Construction Sealants:
Acrylic acid is used in sealants for construction applications, providing flexibility and adhesion to various substrates.
Flocculants and Coagulants:
Acrylic acid-based polymers are used in water treatment processes to improve sedimentation and clarify water.
Fiber Production:
Acrylic acid is used in the production of synthetic fibers, such as acrylic fibers, which are used in clothing and home textiles.
Drug Delivery Systems:
Acrylic acid polymers are used in controlled-release drug delivery systems due to their ability to swell and release drugs gradually.
Agriculture:
Acrylic acid is used in the formulation of soil conditioners and water-absorbent gels to improve soil water retention and reduce erosion.
Personal Care Products:
Acrylic acid derivatives are used in various cosmetic formulations for their thickening and stabilizing properties.
Synthesis of Other Chemicals:
Acrylic acid serves as a precursor for the synthesis of various chemical products, including acrylamide, acrylate esters, and other specialty chemicals.
Features And Benefits of Acrylic Acid:
Hydrophilicity
Water solubility
Adhesion
Any required rheological properties
Benefits:
Weather moisture and abrasion resistance
Impact strength flexibility durability and toughness
Dry adhesion
Crosslinking sites, acid group reacts readily with alcohols, acrylates and styrenics
Hardness, wet and dry adhesion and abrasion resistance are also properties of GAA copolymers
Important Properties of Acrylic Acid:
The resulting polymer chains bear functional groups that impart the following important properties to the polymer products;
Impact strength, flexibility, durability, toughness
Weather resistance, moisture resistance
Crosslinking sites, acid group reacts readily with alcohols, acrylates and styrenics.
Hardness, wet and dry adhesion and abrasion resistance are also properties of GAA copolymers.
Acrylic acid is also used in the manufacture of paints, coatings, adhesives and binders, detergents, diapers and floor polishes as well as finding use in a variety of medical applications.
Synthesis Solutions of Acrylic Acid:
Acrylic acid and its esters undergo the reactions of the double bond which readily combine with themselves or other monomers (e.g. amides, methacrylates, acrylonitrile, vinyl, styrene and butadiene) to form homopolymers or co-polymers which are used in the production of coatings, adhesives, elastomers, super absorbent polymers, flocculants, as well as fibers and plastics.
Acrylate polymers show a wide range of properties dependent on the type of the monomers and reaction conditions.
Production of Acrylic Acid:
Propylene Oxidation (Acrolein Route):
Propylene Oxidation:
Propylene (C₃H₆) is oxidized to produce acrolein (C₃H₄O).
This is typically achieved using air or oxygen in the presence of a silver catalyst at high temperatures.
C3H6+O 2→C3H4O+H2O
Acrolein Oxidation:
Acrolein is further oxidized to acrylic acid (C₃H₄O₂) using air or oxygen.
This reaction is conducted in the presence of a catalyst, such as a mixed metal oxide or vanadium-based catalyst, at high temperatures.
C3H4O+O2→C3H4O2
Purification:
The acrylic acid is purified through distillation or other separation techniques to obtain glacial acrylic acid, which is a colorless, water-free liquid.
Propylene Carbonylation (Hydrolysis Route):
Propylene Carbonylation:
Propylene reacts with carbon monoxide (CO) and water (H₂O) in the presence of a catalyst, such as a rhodium-based catalyst, to form acrylic acid.
C3H6+CO+H2O→C3H4O2
Purification:
Similar to the oxidation route, the acrylic acid is purified through distillation to produce glacial acrylic acid.
Alternative Methods:
Bio-based Processes:
Research is ongoing into bio-based production methods, where microorganisms or biocatalysts convert renewable feedstocks, such as sugars, into acrylic acid.
This method is still under development and not widely used commercially.
Key Points in Production:
Catalysts:
Efficient catalysts are crucial for the oxidation and carbonylation reactions to maximize yield and minimize byproducts.
Purification:
Acrylic acid is purified to remove water, unreacted materials, and other impurities, resulting in glacial acrylic acid, which is highly concentrated and free of water.
Environmental Considerations:
The production process is optimized to reduce emissions and byproducts, and safety measures are implemented to handle the reactive chemicals involved.
History and Occurrence of Acrylic Acid:
Acrylic acid was first discovered in 1843 by French chemist Henri Victor Regnault, who isolated it through the oxidation of allyl alcohol.
This initial discovery laid the groundwork for understanding Acrylic acid’s chemical properties and reactivity.
The significance of acrylic acid in polymer chemistry became apparent in the 1920s when Acrylic acid was found to polymerize into various useful materials, leading to its widespread use in coatings, adhesives, and textiles.
By the 1950s and 1960s, advancements in industrial production methods, including more efficient catalytic processes, enabled large-scale synthesis of acrylic acid.
The production of glacial acrylic acid, which refers to the pure, water-free form of the compound, became standardized to ensure high-purity products for industrial applications.
Although acrylic acid occurs in trace amounts in nature, Acrylic acid is predominantly produced synthetically through methods such as the oxidation of propylene.
Today, glacial acrylic acid plays a vital role in the chemical industry, serving as a key raw material for the manufacture of polymers, resins, and various specialty chemicals.
Handling and Storage of Acrylic Acid:
Handling:
Protective Equipment:
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including chemical-resistant gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat.
Ensure adequate ventilation in the working area.
Precautions:
Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact with skin and eyes.
Handle with care to prevent spills and leaks.
Work Practices:
Use in well-ventilated areas or fume hoods.
Do not eat, drink, or smoke while handling acrylic acid.
Storage:
Storage Conditions:
Store in a cool, dry place away from heat sources, open flames, and incompatible materials.
Containers:
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.
Use containers made of materials compatible with acrylic acid, such as certain plastics or glass.
Separation:
Store separately from strong acids, bases, and oxidizers.
Stability and Reactivity of Acrylic Acid:
Stability:
Chemical Stability:
Stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Shelf Life:
Typically stable for a long period when stored properly.
Reactivity:
Conditions to Avoid:
Avoid exposure to heat, light, and sources of ignition.
Incompatible Materials:
Reacts with strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents.
Can polymerize in the presence of heat, light, or catalysts.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
May decompose to produce carbon oxides, formaldehyde, and other harmful substances when exposed to high temperatures.
First Aid Measures of Acrylic Acid:
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin Contact:
Remove contaminated clothing.
Wash the affected area with plenty of water and soap.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists or if burns occur.
Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with water for at least 15 minutes while holding the eyelids open.
Seek medical attention promptly.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting.
Rinse mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately.
Firefighting Measures of Acrylic Acid:
Firefighting:
Use alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, or carbon dioxide (CO₂).
Water may be ineffective and could spread the fire.
Specific Hazards:
Acrylic acid is flammable and can produce toxic gases when burned. Avoid inhaling smoke or vapors.
Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear.
Fire Fighting Procedures:
Containment:
Prevent runoff from entering drains or water sources.
Evacuation:
Evacuate the area and keep unauthorized personnel away.
Accidental Release Measures of Acrylic Acid:
Personal Precautions:
Protective Gear:
Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves and goggles.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Avoid:
Avoid inhalation of vapors and direct contact with skin.
Environmental Precautions:
Containment:
Prevent spills from spreading.
Use barriers or absorbent materials to contain the release.
Disposal:
Dispose of contaminated materials and waste according to local regulations.
Cleanup:
Spill Containment:
Use inert absorbent materials, such as sand or earth, to absorb the spill.
Collect and dispose of the absorbent material in accordance with local regulations.
Decontamination:
Clean the affected area with water and detergent.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protective of Acrylic Acid:
Exposure Limits:
OSHA PEL: 10 ppm (TWA)
ACGIH TLV: 2 ppm (TWA)
Engineering Controls:
Ventilation:
Use local exhaust ventilation or fume hoods to prevent inhalation of vapors.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Respiratory Protection:
Use a suitable respirator if ventilation is inadequate or if exposure limits are exceeded.
Hand Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves made of materials such as nitrile or butyl rubber.
Eye Protection:
Wear safety goggles or face shields to protect against splashes and vapors.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective clothing to prevent skin contact.
Identifiers of Acrylic Acid:
Molecular Formula: C₃H₄O₂
IUPAC Name: Prop-2-enoic acid
Common Names: Acrylic acid
CAS Number: 79-10-7
EC Number: 201-177-9
PubChem CID: 6566
ChemSpider ID: 6315
UN Number: 2207 (for shipping and transport)
SMILES: C=CC(=O)O
InChI Key: KCFKCVHSWZLUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Weight: 72.06 g/mol
Beilstein Number: 1730369
RTECS Number: AI1225000
NSC Number: 20763
ChEBI ID: CHEBI:15401
InChI: InChI=1S/C3H4O2/c1-2-3(4)5/h2H,1H2,(H,4,5)
IUPAC Standard InChI Key: KCFKCVHSWZLUGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N
FDA SRS Number: 103
HS Code: 2916.12
Properties of Acrylic Acid:
Formula weight: 72.06 g/mol
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Odor: Pungent, acrid
Specific gravity at 20°C: 1.051
Refractive index at 25°C: 1.415
Viscosity, cps at 20°C: 1.3
Boiling point at 760 mmHg: 141°C
Freezing point: 14°C
Solubility in water: Miscible
Tg of homopolymer: 87°C
Molecular weight: 72.06 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.05 g/cm³
Refractive index: 1.4224
Color: 20 Max.
Assay: 99.5% Min
Water content: 0.2% Max.
Inhibitor (MEHQ): 200 +/- 20 ppm
Odor: Acrid odor
Boiling point: 141°C
Melting point: 13°C
Flash point: 46°C
Specifications of Acrylic Acid:
Purity: ≥ 99.5% (by GC analysis)
Color: Colorless liquid
Clarity: Clear, free of visible particulates
Boiling Point: Approximately 141 °C (286 °F)
Melting Point: -15 °C (5 °F)
Density: 1.05 g/cm³
Refractive Index: 1.425
pKa: Approximately 4.25
Vapor Pressure: 4 mmHg at 25 °C
Impurities and Contaminants:
Water Content: ≤ 0.5%
Acidity: Typically measured as acid number or equivalent, ≤ 0.5 mg KOH/g
Peroxide Content: ≤ 0.05% (as H₂O₂)