PENTAERYTHRITOL
PENTAERYTHRITOL
Pentaerythritol is a tetrafunctional alcohol, containing four primary hydroxyl groups, making it suitable for a wide variety of chemical reactions such as esterification and etherification.
Pentaerythritol is a versatile alcohol in the chemical industry, acting as a building block in alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters, synthetic lubricants, and explosives.
Pentaerythritol is a component in the formation of a thick fire-resistant char barrier when intumescent coatings are exposed to high temperatures, enhancing its role as a flame retardant.
CAS Number: 115-77-5
EC Number: 204-104-9
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4
Molecular Weight: 136.15
Synonyms: Pentaerythritol, Tetrahydroxymethylmethane, Pentaerythrit, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propandiol, Pentaerythrit, Pentaerythritol 95,98, PENTAERYTHRIT, PENTAERYTHRITOL, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propane diol, >98%, Pentaerythritol R (mono-penta), 2,2-Bishydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, CHARMOR PM40 (use 8G071), Pentaerythritol M, Pentaerythritol mono, Pentaerythritol, pure, Pentaerythritol (Tetra methylol methane), Pentaerythritol Pure, Pentaerythritol, pure, Pentaerythritol, >98%, Pentaerythritol techn., 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propane diol, >98%, Pentaerythritol 88, Pentaerythritol, technical grade(89% Penta), Pentaerythritol, Monepentaerythritol, >98%, Pentaerythritol of dipentaerythritol with tripentaerythritol, Pentaerythritol 98%, Pentaerythritol 95%, Pentaerythritol, >95%, Pentaerythritol, 2,2-Bishydroxymethyl-1,3-propanediol, >99%, Pentaerythritol, 98% min., Pentaerythritol 95%, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propane diol, Pentaerythritol, 95% min., Pentearythritol, >98%, Monopentaerythritol, >98%, from renewable carbon source, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, Tetramethylolmethane, 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethanol, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-3-propanediol, 3-Propanediol,2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1, Auxenutril, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, Hercules P 6, Monopentaerythritol, PE 200, Pentaertyhritol, PETP, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, Tetramethylolmethane, THME, Penta Erythritol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, Pentaerythritol, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, THME, PETP, PE 200, Maxinutril, herculesp6, Monopentek Metab-Auxil, Hercules P 6, Pentaerythritol, Pentaertyhritol, Penta Erythritol, Monopentaerythritol, methanetetramethylol, Tetramethylolmethane, Methane tetramethylol, Tetraki (hydroxymethyl) methane, Methane, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propane-1,3-diol, 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-, Auxinutril, Hercules P6, Maxinutril, Metab-Auxil, Methane tetramethylol, Monopentek, Penetek, Pentaerythrite, Pentek, PE 200, Tetrahydroxymethylmethane, Tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)methane, Tetramethylolmethane, 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, Auxenutril, Monopentaerythritol, 1,1,1-Tris(hydroxymethyl)ethanol, Hercules Mono-PE, Pentaertyhritol, PETP, THME, Methane, tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)-,, NSC 8100, Charmor PM 15, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, methane tetramethylol, monopentaerythritol, PE, tetrahydroxymethylolmethane, tetramethylolmethane, 2,2-bis(Hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol, Methane tetramethylol, Monopentaerythritol, PE, Tetrahydroxymethylolmethane, Tetramethylolmethane, 2,2-BIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)PROPANE-1,3-DIOL, PETP, Pentaerythrotol, PENTAERYTHRITOL MONO, THME, PE-T, JWSC, Pentek, Pentaerythrit, entaerythritol
Pentaerythritol is a white crystalline polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Applications of Pentaerythritol are building block in Alkyd resins, radiation curing monomers, polyurethanes, rosin esters, synthetic lubricants and explosives.
Pentaerythritol is a tetrafunctional alcohol.
Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, benzene, ether, petroleum ether and slightly soluble in alcohol.
Pentaerythritol is alcohol with Four Functional Groups
Pentaerythritol is a versatile alcohol in the chemical industry.
Pentaerythritol can be described as a white, crystalline organic compound and has the chemical formula C(CH2OH)4.
Pentaerythritol, which is produced by the condensation of acetaldehyde and formaldehyde, contains four hydroxyl groups.
The functionality of these hydroxyl groups makes Pentaerythritol suitable for a wide variety of chemical reactions.
These reactions include esterification and etherification, through which modified derivatives suitable for different industrial applications can be produced.
Pentaerythritol is a whiter polyhydric alcohol in powder form that is rich in carbon.
Pentaerythritol is a component in the formation of a thick fire resistant char barrier when intumescent coatings are exposed to high temperatures.
Pentaerythritol is a polyhydric alcohol containing four primary hydroxyl groups.
Pentaerythritol acts as a flame retardant.
Pentaerythritol reduces carbon footprint by up to 75%.
Pentaerythritol sharpens sustainability profile as it is based on 100% renewable raw material.
Pentaerythritol is a micronized Pentaerythritol derivative.
Pentaerythritol is a critical component in the formation of a thick fire resistant char barrier when intumescent coatings are exposed to high temperatures.
Pentaerythritol is an organic compound with the formula C(CH2OH)4.
Classified as a polyol, Pentaerythritol is a white solid.
Pentaerythritol is a building block for the synthesis and production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, cosmetics, and many other commercial products.
The Pentaerythritol is a blend of penta- in reference to its 5 carbon atoms and erythritol, which also possesses 4 alcohol groups.
Pentaerythritol is an odorless white solid.
Pentaerythritol sinks and mixes slowly with water.
Pentaerythritol is a tetrol that is neopentane in which one of the methyl hydrogens of all four methyl groups are replaced by hydroxy groups.
Pentaerythritol is a chemical intermediate used in the production of explosives, plastics, paints, appliances, and cosmetics.
Pentaerythritol has a role as a flame retardant and a laxative.
Pentaerythritol is a primary alcohol and a tetrol.
Pentaerythritol derives from a hydride of a neopentane.
Pentaerythritol is a type of polyhydric alcohol.
Pentaerythritol is odorless and free flowing white crystalline powder, which is non-hygroscopic and stable in storage.
Pentaerythritol, commonly known in the Chemical Industry simply as “Penta,” is a white, odorless, crystalline powder.
Pentaerythritol is soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol and insoluble in most hydrocarbons.
Higher homologues of Penta, including Di- and Tripentaerythritol are also produced in the manufacturing process.
Pentaerythritol is an off-white powder that is less soluble than Pentaerythritol.
Pentaerythritol is a whiter polyhydric alcohol in powder form that is rich in carbon.
Pentaerythritol is a component in the formation of a thick fire resistant char barrier when intumescent coatings are exposed to high temperatures.
Uses of Pentaerythritol:
Pentaerythritol is used polyhydric alcohol with four functional groups for the production of PETN
Pentaerythritol is used as chemical intermediate for alkylated resins, synth lubricants, pentaerythritol tetranitrate & resin & tall oil esters.
Pentaerythritol is also used in coating, dynamite and plastic industry.
Pentaerythritol is used as chemical intermediate for alkylated resins, synth lubricants, pentaerythritol tetranitrate & resin & tall oil esters.
Pentaerythritol is also used in coating, dynamite and plastic industry.
Pentaerythritol is used in the manufacture of alkyd resins, fatty acid resin and tall oil esters.
Also recommended for vinyl chloride, synthetic rubber, pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), polyvinyl chloride stabilizers, olefins antioxidant and pentaerythritol triacrylate.
Pentaerythritol is the main polyol manufactured by Ercros using proprietary technology.
Pentaerythritol is used in the production of alkyd resins, which in turn are used to manufacture standard and intumescent paints, especially for the decoration and automotive industries.
Alkyd resins made from Pentaerythritol have far superior properties to those made from glycerine: they dry faster and have greater hardness, colour and gloss stability.
Pentaerythritol is used in the production of synthetic lubricants, stabilisers for PVC and explosives for mining.
Derivatives such as pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) are very important in the production of explosives.
PETN is a compound with high explosive power and is widely used in both military and civilian uses.
Pentaerythritol also plays a key role in the development of environmentally friendly paints, as it emits fewer volatile organic compounds (VOCs) than solvent-based paints.
Pentaerythritol is mainly used in areas such as paints, plastics and explosives.
Thanks to its low toxicity and high combustion efficiency, Pentaerythritol is a preferred additive especially in the production of plastics and paints.
Pentaerythritol is a key ingredient in various industries and is widely used in explosives, the paint industry and plastics and polymers.
Pentaerythritol is used in intumescent systems for plastic.
In intumescent systems for plastics, Pentaerythritol is used as carbon source for halogen free systems demanding lower smoke release and non-toxic fumes.
Pentaerythritol is a micronized polyol based on pentaerythritol.
Pentaerythritol is used in conjunction with an acid donor and blowing agent to produce high performance intumescent coating.
Pentaerythritol is also suitable for use in formulating intumescent sealants, thermoset unsaturated polyesters, thermoplastic engineering resin parts, and standard thermoplastic resin parts.
In intumescent systems for plastics, Pentaerythritol is used as carbon source for halogen free systems demanding lower smoke release and non-toxic fumes.
Pentaerythritol is used primarily in the production of alkyd resins as well as a variety of other products such as rosin esters, oil-modified urethane resins, modified drying oils, synthetic lubricants, plasticizers, intumescent paints, plastics and stabilizers for plastics.
Pentaerythritol is used as chemical intermediate for alkylated resins, synth lubricants, pentaerythritol tetranitrate & resin & tall oil esters.
Pentaerythritol is also used in coating, dynamite and plastic industry.
In intumescent systems for plastics, Pentaerythritol is used as carbon source for halogen free systems demanding lower smoke release and non-toxic fumes.
Intumescent coatings work as follows:
The thermoplastic binder melts upon exposure to the heat of the fire to allow further chemical reactions to take place in the softened matrix
The acid donor (often a salt of polyphosphate) decomposes to form polyphosphoric acid
The Polyphosphoric acid reacts with Pentaerythritol to form polyphosphoric acid esters
The esters decompose to form a foamable carbon matrix
The blowing agent (often melamine) releases gases that cause the carbon matrix to create a foam that hardens to form a tough insulating char barrier that adheres to the substrate
Pentaerythritol is particularly suitable for waterborne and solvent-borne intumescent coatings.
The particle size of Pentaerythritol used has an impact on the nature of the foam. Smaller particle sizes yield thicker char foam.
Explosives uses:
Pentaerythritol is the main component in the production of pentaerythritotetranitrate (PETN), also known as nitropenta, in the production of explosive materials.
PETN is preferred in military ammunition and mining due to Pentaerythritol’s high explosiveness.
Pentaerythritol is involved in the production of products such as firing capsules and detonating cords.
Paint Industry uses:
Pentaerythritol is used in the production of alkyd resins.
In the paint industry, alkyd resins form the basis for coatings and varnishes that offer durability and corrosion resistance.
Pentaerythritol improves the structure of these resins as well as important properties such as color, gloss and hardness.
Plastics and Polymers uses:
Pentaerythritol functions as a crosslinker in the production of plastics and polymers.
In this use, Pentaerythritol increases resistance to heat and light; Pentaerythritol strengthens the mechanical properties of plastics.
Pentaerythritol makes an important contribution especially in the production of PVC, that is, polyvinyl chloride stabilizers.
Benefits of Pentaerythritol:
White
Crystalline powder
Odorless
Non-hazardous
Solid compound
Water-soluble
Slightly soluble in alcohol
Insoluble in most hydrocarbons
Production of Pentaerythritol:
Pentaerythritol is manufactured from formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the presence of an alkaline catalyst, such as sodium or calcium hydroxide.
Pentaerythrose is initially formed from three sequential aldol reactions and then subsequently reduced in a crossed Cannizarro reaction with formaldehyde to produce Pentaerythritol.
Production Process:
Pentaerythritol is a multifunctional alcohol produced through chemical reactions.
The production process can be examined in two main categories: Synthetic routes and industrial scale methods.
Synthetic Pathways:
Pentaerythritol is produced synthetically by aldol condensation of aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.
This reaction essentially occurs when four moles of formaldehyde and one mole of acetaldehyde interact in the presence of a catalyst.
Industrial Scale Methods:
Industrial-scale production of Pentaerythritol involves processes that occur under high temperature and pressure.
Reactor parameters:
Temperature: 120-150°C
Pressure: 2-5 bar
Reaction Process:
Catalyst (usually sodium hydroxide)
Reaction time: Generally between 5-8 hours
These methods are generally optimized to increase the purity and yield of pentaerythritol.
Following the reaction, Pentaerythritol goes through purification steps to increase purity.
Synthesis of Pentaerythritol:
Pentaerythritol was first reported in 1891 by German chemist Bernhard Tollens and his student P. Wigand.
Pentaerythritol may be prepared via a base-catalyzed multiple-addition reaction between acetaldehyde and 3 equivalents of formaldehyde to give pentaerythrose, followed by a Cannizzaro reaction with a fourth equivalent of formaldehyde to give the final product plus formate ion.
Physical And Chemical Properties of Pentaerythritol:
Pentaerythritol is a solid chemical compound and is used in the production of paints and plastics.
Pentaerythritol is also a component of high-energy explosives and some lubricants.
Melting point:
The melting point of Pentaerythritol is around 260 °C (500 °F).
Pentaerythritol’s heat-resistant structure ensures that it remains stable even at high temperatures.
Resolution: Pentaerythritol in water: 15 g/L at 20 °C
Solubility in organic solvents:
Ether: Weak
Methanol: Good
Chloroform: Very weak
Pentaerythritol should be noted that solubility plays an important role in the preparation and application of products.
Chemical Structure of Pentaerythritol:
Pentaerythritol is a chemically stable and multifunctional alcohol derivative.
In this section, we will examine the basic chemical structure and types of the compound.
Molecular Formula:
The molecular formula of Pentaerythritol is C₅H₁₂O₄.
In this formula; Pentaerythritol contains five carbon (C), twelve hydrogen (H) and four oxygen (O) atoms.
The atoms are arranged in a structure consisting of four hydroxyl groups and a carbon center.
Isomers:
Pentaerythritol is a compound that does not form isomers.
Pentaerythritol is because four hydroxyl groups are symmetrically bonded to a central carbon atom.
This symmetry prevents the formation of potential isomers and a single structural form exists for pentaerythritol.
Each hydroxyl group is bonded to a sp³ hybridized carbon, causing the molecule to exhibit a tetrahedral geometry.
Handling And Storage of Pentaerythritol:
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Stability And Reactivity of Pentaerythritol:
Chemical stability:
Pentaerythritol is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
Conditions to avoid:
no information available
Incompatible materials:
No data available
First Aid Measures of Pentaerythritol:
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water.
Remove contact lenses.
If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult doctor if feeling unwell.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
Fire Fighting Measures of Pentaerythritol:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For Pentaerythritol no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
Accidental Release Measures of Pentaerythritol:
Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Pentaerythritol:
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
Skin protection:
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P1
Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
Identifiers of Pentaerythritol:
CAS: 115-77-5
EINECS: 204-104-9
InChI: InChI=1/C5H12O4/c6-1-5(2-7,3-8)4-9/h6-9H,1-4H2
InChIKey: WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4
Molar Mass: 136.15
Density: 1.396
Melting Point: 253-258 °C (lit.)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Refractive Index: 1.548
CBNumber: CB7852888
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4
Molecular Weight: 136.15
MDL Number: MFCD00004692
MOL File: 115-77-5.mol
Melting Point: 253-258 °C (lit.)
Boiling Point: 276 °C/30 mmHg (lit.)
Density: 1.396
Vapor Pressure: Refractive Index: 1.548
Flash Point: 240 °C
Storage Temp.: Store below +30°C
CAS Number: 115-77-5
EC Number: 204-104-9
Chemical Name:2,2-BIS(HYDROXYMETHYL)1,3-PROPANEDIOL
INCI/Chemical Name: Pentaerythritol
Linear Formula: C(CH2OH)4
Molecular Formula: C5H12O4
Properties of Pentaerythritol:
Melting Point (final): 260C
Water Solubility @ 25C: 5.3%
CAS: 115-77-5
Appearance Form: powder
Color: white
Melting point/freezing point.
Melting point/range: 253 – 258 °C – lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 276 °C at 40 hPa – lit.
Flash point > 150,00 °C – closed cup
Evaporation rate: No data available
Vapor pressure: < 1 hPa at 20 °C Density: 1,39 g/cm3 at 20 °C Relative density: 1,37 at 20 °C Water solubility: 62 g/l at 20 °C - completely soluble Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: log Pow: -1,7 at 23 °C Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C at 1.013 hPa
Other safety information:
Surface tension 71 mN/m at 20 °C
Chemical formula: C5H12O4
Molar mass: 136.15 g/mol
Appearance: white solid
Density: 1.396 g/cm3
Melting point: 260.5 °C (500.9 °F; 533.6 K)
Boiling point: 276 °C (529 °F; 549 K) at 30 mmHg
Solubility in water:
38.46 g/L (0°C)
47.62 g/L (10°C)
52.60 g/L (15°C)
56.60 g/L (20°C)
74.07 g/L (30°C)
115.0 g/L (40°C)
180.3 g/L (60°C)
285.7 g/L (80°C)
500.0 g/L (100°C)
Boling Point: 276 °C/30 mmHg (lit.)
Flash Point: 240 °C
Water Solubility: 1 g/18 mL (15 ºC)
Solubility: H2O: 0.1g/mL, clear, colorless
Vapor Presure: Appearance: Crystals
Color: White
Merck: 14,7111
BRN: 1679274
pKa: 13.55±0.10(Predicted)
PH: 3.5-4.5 (100g/l, H2O, 35℃)
Storage Condition: Store below +30°C.
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents,
acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.
Solubility: H₂O: 0.1 g/mL, clear, colorless
Form: Crystals
pKa: 13.55±0.10 (Predicted)
Color: White
Odor: Odorless
pH: 3.5-4.5 (100g/l, H₂O, 35°C)
Water Solubility: 1 g/18 mL (15 ºC)
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,7111
BRN: 1679274
Exposure Limits:
ACGIH: TWA 10 mg/m³
OSHA: TWA 15 mg/m³; TWA 5 mg/m³
NIOSH: TWA 10 mg/m³; TWA 5 mg/m³
Stability: Stable.
Incompatible with strong acids, strong oxidizing agents,
acid chlorides, acid anhydrides.
InChIKey: WXZMFSXDPGVJKK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: -1.7 at 22°C
Indirect Additives Used in Food Contact Substances: Pentaerythritol
FDA 21 CFR: 175.105; 175.300; 175.320
CAS DataBase Reference: 115-77-5 (CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG’s Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: SU420W1S6N
NIST Chemistry Reference: 1,3-Propanediol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)- (115-77-5)
EPA Substance Registry System: Pentaerythritol (115-77-5)