PROPYL GALLATE

Propyl gallate is an antioxidant that protects against oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals.

Propyl gallate has long been used as an antioxidant in foods, especially for animal fats and vegetable oils, being especially effective with polyunsaturated fats.

Propyl gallate is used as a food additive under the E number E310. 

CAS Number: 121-79-9

EC Number: 204-498-2

Molecular Formula: C10H12O5

Molecular Weight: 196.2 g/mol

Synonyms: Gallic acid propyl ester , PG, Propyl gallate, 98% 100GR, Propyl gallat, Propyl gallate,3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Tenox PG, Propyl gallate 3g [121-79-9], Propyl gallate (200 mg)G2D2031.000mg/mg(dr), Propyl gallate (200 mg), Propyl gallate, USP, Propyl gallate SynonyMs: Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, proply gallate, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester Tenox PG, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate for synthesis, 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZENE-1-PROPYLCARBOXYLATE, 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER, 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOIC ACID PROPYL ESTER, n-propylesterof3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoicacid, Propyl galiate, propyl3,4,5-, Propylester kyseliny gallove, propylesterkyselinygallove, Sustane PG, Tenox PG, tenoxpg, GALLIC ACID N-PROPYL ESTER, GALLIC ACID PROPYL ESTER, FEMA 2947, FEMA 2974, n-Propyl gallate (Ph. Eur.) pure, pharma grade, Propyl gallate 121-79-9 Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate 121-79-9 Propyl gallate, PROGALLIN P, Propyl gallate, N-Propyl gallate, N-PROPYL 3,4,5-TRIHYDROXYBENZOATE, 3,4,5-trihydroxy-benzoicacipropylester, Benzoicacid,3,4,5-trihydroxy-,propylester, NCI-C50588, nci-c505888, Nipa 49, nipa49, Nipagallin P, nipagallinp, n-Propyl ester of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, L-A-PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE, B-OLEOYL,*GAMMA -MYRISTOYL, Propyl gallate, FOR MICROSCOPY, Propyl gallate 98+% FCC, PropylGallate(Antioxidant), PropylGallate-(N-Propyl-3,4,5-Trihydroxybezoate), Propyl gallate ,99%, Ethyl carbamate Solution, 1000ppm, Propyl gailate, Propyl gallate ,98%, Gallic acid propyl, Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate, 3,4,5-Trihydroxy-Benzoic, Propyl gallate USP/NF/FCC, PROPYLGALLATE,FCC, PROPYLGALLATE,NF

Propyl gallate is a chemical compound used primarily as an antioxidant.

Propyl gallate’s primary function is to prevent the oxidation of fats and oils in food products, which helps to extend shelf life and maintain flavor and nutritional quality.

Propyl gallates often found in processed foods, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.

Propyl gallate is an ester formed by the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. 

Since 1948, Propyl gallate has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation.

As a food additive, Propyl gallate is used under the E number E310.

Propyl gallate is an antioxidant. 

Propyl gallate protects against oxidation by hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals.

Propyl gallate is a kind of ester formed through the condensation of gallic acid and propanol. 

Propyl gallate appears as a fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder. 

Propyl gallate has long been used as a kind of antioxidants to be supplied to foods especially animal fats and vegetable oil, being especially effective with polyunsaturated fats. 

Propyl gallate, as an anti-oxidant, can protect the food and oils from the attack of hydrogen peroxide and oxygen free radicals, having an effect similar to the superoxide dismutase. 

Propyl gallate can also be applied to ethers, emulsion, waxes, and transformer oil as the antioxidants.

Propyl gallate caused contact dermatitis in a baker and in a female confectioner who fried doughnuts, primarily sensitized by her night cream; the margarine probably contained gallates.

Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity. 

Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver. 

Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food. Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth.

Propyl gallate appears as fine white to creamy-white crystalline powder. 

Propyl gallate is odorless or with a faint odor. 

Propyl gallate’s melting point 150°C. 

Propyl gallate is insoluble in water. 

Propyl gallate is slightly bitter taste.

Propyl gallate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum. Propyl gallate is used by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites. Propyl gallate is the n-propyl ester of gallic acid (3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid).  Propyl gallate is soluble in ethanol, ethyl ether, oil, lard, and aqueous solutions of polyethylene glycol (PEG) ethers of cetyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in water.  Propyl gallate currently is used as an antioxidant in a reported 167 cosmetic products at maximum concentrations of 0.1%.  Propyl gallate is a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) antioxidant to protect fats, oils, and fat-containing food from rancidity that results from the formation of peroxides.  The biological activity of Propyl gallate is consistent with its free-radical scavenging ability, with effects that include antimicrobial activity, enzyme inhibition, inhibition of biosynthetic processes, inhibition of the formation of nitrosamines, anesthesia, inhibition of neuromuscular response to chemicals, ionizing/ultraviolet (UV) radiation protection, chemoprotection, antimutagenesis, anticarcinogenesis and antitumorigenesis, antiteratogenesis, and anticariogenesis.  Propyl gallate has being shown to be a hepatoprotector in vitro and in vivo. Propyl gallate is an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes such as rhodamine and fluorescein.  An antioxidant which exhibits antimicrobial activity.  Propyl gallate is an antioxidant with antimicrobial activity.  Propyl gallate is hepatoprotective in vitro and in vivo, preventing CCl4 induced lipoperoxidation and reduction in polysomes in rat liver. 1,2 Propyl gallate (100 mg/kg, i.p.) increases expression of HIF-1α, EPO, and VEGF mRNA levels and the number of normal neurons in rat brains after 8 minutes of forebrain ischemia. Propyl gallate in combination with potassium sorbate is bactericidal and bacteriostatic against S. aureus strains known to produce enterotoxins in food.4 Propyl gallate is commonly added to foods to prevent autoxidation and microbial growth. Propyl gallate, C10H12O5, is an ester formed from gallic acid and propanol.  Since 1948, this antioxidant has been added to foods containing oils and fats to prevent oxidation. As a food additive, Propyl gallate is used under the E number E310. Propyl gallate is an important antioxidant for the prevention of rancidity in edible oils and fats. Gallic acid is 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid and has the formula (HO)3C6H2·CO2H. Propyl gallate is found in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants.  Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats from oxidation. Uses of Propyl Gallate: Propyl gallate is used to protect oils and fats in products from oxidation; Propyl gallate is used in foods, cosmetics, hair products, adhesives, and lubricants. Propyl gallate is used as a triplet state quencher and an antioxidant in fluorescence microscopy. Propyl gallate is used as an antioxidant for foods and cosmetics; especially fats, oils, emulsions, and waxes.  Propyl gallate is also used in transformer oils and as a stabilizer for synthetic vitamin A. Reactive peroxides in povidone often lead to degradation of oxidation-labile drugs. The antioxidants ascorbic acid, Propyl gallate, and sodium sulfite reduced the peroxide concentration in povidone. Synthetic antioxidants commonly used in food include butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), Propyl gallate (PG), and tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ). Industry Uses: Oxidizing/reducing agents Consumer Uses: Cleaning and furnishing care products Widespread uses by professional workers: Propyl gallate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals. Propyl gallate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development. Other release to the environment of Propyl gallate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners). Uses at industrial sites: Propyl gallate is used in the following products: pH regulators and water treatment products and laboratory chemicals. Propyl gallate is used in the following areas: health services and scientific research and development. Propyl gallate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals and textile, leather or fur. Release to the environment of Propyl gallate can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites. Applications of Propyl Gallate: Propyl gallate is used as an anti-fade reagent in fluorescence microscopy to reduce photobleaching of fluorescent probes such as rhodamine and fluorescein. Pharmaceutical Applications:    Propyl gallate has become widely used as an antioxidant in cosmetics, perfumes, foods, and pharmaceuticals since its use in preventing autoxidation of oils was first described in 1943. Propyl gallate is primarily used, in concentrations up to 0.1% w/v, to prevent the rancidity of oils and fats. Propyl gallate may also be used at concentrations of 0.002% w/v to prevent peroxide formation in ether, and at 0.01% w/v to prevent the oxidation of paraldehyde.  Synergistic effects with other antioxidants such as butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene have been reported.  Propyl gallate is also said to possess some antimicrobial properties; Studies have shown that, when added to powder blends containing ketorolac, Propyl gallate significantly increases the drug stability in the preparation. Other alkyl gallates are also used as antioxidants and have approximately equivalent antioxidant properties when used in equimolar concentration, however, solubilities vary. Biological effects of Propyl Gallate: A 1993 study in fat rodents found little or no effect on carcinogenesis by Propyl gallate. A 2009 study found that Propyl gallate acts as an estrogen antagonist. Biochem/physiol Actions of Propyl Gallate: An antioxidant that exhibits antimicrobial activity.  Propyl gallate has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatoprotector, both in vitro and in vivo.  Propyl gallate has also been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and block the death of neurons exposed to FeSO4/GA as well as partially protect endothelial cells against TNF-induced apoptosis. Propyl gallate has been reported to be an effective antioxidant-based hepatoprotector, both in vitro and in vivo.  Propyl gallate has also been shown to prevent neuronal apoptosis and block the death of neurons exposed to FeSO4/GA as well as partially protect endothelial cells against TNF-induced apoptosis.  However, Propyl gallate induced single strand breaks in DNA at concentrations higher than 0.25 μM when Propyl gallate was combined with copper concentrations at 5 μM and above.  Propyl gallate (Gallic acid propyl esterZ, n-Propyl gallate) is an antioxidant used in foods especially animal fats and vegetable oils, also in a wide variety of cosmetics and beauty care products. Propyl gallate (PG) could modulate heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activation and decrease lung cancer cell survival.  Propyl gallate also induces apoptosis in human leukemia cells and HeLa cells by increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and glutathione (GSH) depletion.  Propyl gallate inhibits the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and exerts an antimigration effect on TMZ-treated U87MG cells.  Propyl gallate also possesses anti-inflammatory activity via downregulation of the NF-κB pathway.  Propyl gallate could reduce the proliferation and augment the chemosensitivity of a THP-1 leukemia cell line via extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways. In brain ischemia, Propyl gallate inhibits the activity of NF-κB, reduces COX-2 and TNF-alpha G expression, and decreases ischemic-reperfusion injury. Chemical Properties of Propyl Gallate:    Propyl gallate is an odorless powder having a slightly bitter taste.  Propyl gallate functions particularly well in stabilizing animal fats and vegetable oils.  With a melting point of 148°C, Propyl gallate loses its effectiveness during heat processing and is therefore not suitable in frying applications that involve temperatures exceeding 190°C.  Propyl gallate chelates iron ions and forms an unappealing, blue–black complex.  Hence, Propyl gallate is always used with chelators such as citric acid to eliminate the pro-oxidative iron and copper catalysts.  Good synergism is obtained with BHA and BHT; however, application with TBHQ is not permitted.  For additional details, refer to Burdock (1997). Structure of Propyl Gallate: Core Structure: A benzene ring with three hydroxyl groups (-OH) attached at the 3, 4, and 5 positions. This gives the ring Propyl gallate's characteristic "gallate" structure. A propyl ester group attached to the benzene ring through a carboxyl group (-COO-). The ester is formed by the esterification of the carboxyl group with propanol. Detailed Structure: The benzene ring is the central structure with hydroxyl groups at the 3, 4, and 5 positions, which are the ortho and para positions relative to each other. The ester linkage connects the carboxyl group of the benzene ring to a propyl group (a three-carbon chain). Handling and Storage of Propyl Gallate: Handling: Precautions: Avoid inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact with skin and eyes. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves, safety goggles, and lab coats. Ventilation: Work in a well-ventilated area or under a fume hood to avoid inhaling dust or vapors. Hygiene: Wash hands thoroughly after handling Propyl gallate. Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in areas where Propyl gallate is used. Storage: Propyl gallate is unstable at high temperatures and is rapidly destroyed in oils that are used for frying purposes. The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed, nonmetallic container, protected from light, in a cool, dry place. Conditions: Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and sources of heat. Keep containers tightly closed. Container: Use appropriate containers that are compatible with Propyl gallate. Typically, Propyl gallate should be stored in airtight, moisture-proof containers. Separation: Keep away from strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents to prevent potential reactions. Reactivity and Stability of Propyl Gallate: Reactivity: Conditions to Avoid: Avoid exposure to high temperatures, strong acids, bases, and oxidizing agents. Propyl gallate can decompose under extreme conditions. Hazardous Reactions: May react with strong acids and bases, potentially leading to hazardous decomposition products. Stability: Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage. Decomposition Products: In case of decomposition, Propyl gallate may produce fumes or gases that could be harmful if inhaled. Ventilation: Requirement: Ensure adequate ventilation in areas where Propyl gallate is used. Use local exhaust ventilation or a fume hood if working with large quantities or in a confined space. First Aid Measures of Propyl Gallate: Inhalation: Move the person to fresh air immediately. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention. Skin Contact: Wash the affected area with plenty of water and soap. Remove contaminated clothing. Seek medical attention if irritation persists. Eye Contact: Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, holding the eyelids open. Seek medical attention immediately. Ingestion: Rinse the mouth with water. Do not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical professional. Seek medical attention immediately. Fire Fighting Measures of Propyl Gallate: Suitable Extinguishers: Use dry chemical powder, foam, or carbon dioxide (CO₂) extinguishers. Unsuitable Extinguishers: Avoid using water if Propyl gallate can spread the fire or cause hazardous reactions. Fire Fighting Procedures: Precautions: Wear self-contained breathing apparatus and full protective gear. Use water spray to cool containers exposed to fire and prevent the spread of fire. Hazardous Combustion Products: Possible Products: Combustion may produce hazardous fumes or gases. Be aware of potential exposure risks during a fire. Accidental Release Measures of Propyl Gallate: Personal Precautions: Protective Equipment: Wear appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and masks. Avoid Contact: Avoid inhaling dust or vapors and prevent contact with skin and eyes. Containment and Cleanup: Containment: Isolate the area and prevent the spread of the spill. Use barriers or absorbents to contain the material. Cleanup: Collect the spilled material using suitable tools and dispose of Propyl gallate according to local regulations. Clean the area thoroughly with an appropriate solvent or detergent. Disposal: Regulations: Follow local regulations for the disposal of chemical waste. Ensure that disposal methods do not harm the environment. Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Propyl Gallate: Exposure Limits: Standards: Refer to occupational exposure limits established by regulatory agencies, though Propyl gallate typically does not have specific exposure limits. PPE Recommendations: Eye Protection: Safety goggles or face shield. Skin Protection: Chemical-resistant gloves and lab coats. Respiratory Protection: Use an N95 respirator or higher if there is a risk of inhaling dust or vapors. Ventilation: Ensure adequate ventilation or use a fume hood when handling large quantities. Identifiers of Propyl Gallate: Chemical Name: Propyl gallate IUPAC Name: Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate CAS Number: 121-79-9 Molecular Formula: C10H12O5 Molecular Weight: 196.2 g/mol SMILES: CCCC(=O)O[C@H]1Oc2c(C=CC)cc(c2O)O1 InChI: InChI=1S/C10H12O5/c1-2-3-4-13-10(12)8-5-6(11)7(9(8)14)15/h5-7,11-14H,2-4H2,1H3 InChIKey: XWDFUBTNVVIGKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N EC / List no.: 204-498-2 CAS no.: 121-79-9 Mol. formula: C10H12O5 Properties of Propyl Gallate: Physical State: Solid (typically a white to off-white powder) Melting Point: Approximately 125–129°C (257–264°F) Boiling Point: Not well-defined, as it decomposes before boiling Solubility: In Water: Very low solubility In Organic Solvents: Soluble in ethanol, acetone, and other organic solvents Density: Approximately 1.29 g/cm³ Odor: Generally odorless pH: Neutral to slightly acidic in solution Chemical Stability: Stable under normal conditions of use and storage. However, Propyl gallate can decompose under high temperatures or in the presence of strong acids or bases. Reactivity: Propyl gallate is relatively stable but can undergo hydrolysis under acidic or basic conditions. Appearance: White to off-white crystalline powder Specifications of Propyl Gallate: Purity: Minimum Purity: Often required to be at least 98% or higher by weight. Test Method: Typically determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or similar analytical techniques. Appearance: Color: White to off-white crystalline powder. Odor: Odorless or with a faint characteristic odor. Melting Point: Range: Approximately 125–129°C (257–264°F). Loss on Drying: Maximum Limit: Usually less than 1% to ensure that the substance is not excessively hygroscopic. Heavy Metals: Maximum Limit: Typically less than 10 ppm (parts per million) or as specified by regulatory standards to ensure safety. Arsenic: Maximum Limit: Usually less than 1 ppm. Assay: Minimum: Should meet the assay requirements of 98% or higher as determined by specific analytical methods. Residue on Ignition: Maximum Limit: Often less than 0.1% to ensure purity. Acidity/Alkalinity: Should be neutral or slightly acidic. Names of Propyl Gallate: IUPAC Names: 3,4,5-trihydroxy-2-propyl-benzoate 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Propyl gallate, Gallic acid propyl ester n-Propilo 3,4,5 Trihidroxi Benzoato n-Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate n-Propylgallate Propyl 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoate Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Propyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate Propyl gallate Propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoat propyl-3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate