COPPER HYDROXIDE
COPPER HYDROXIDE
Copper hydroxide is used as a source for Copper salts and as a mordant in dyeing textiles.
Copper hydroxide in ammonia solution, known as Schweizer’s reagent, possesses the interesting ability to dissolve cellulose, which led to its use in the production of rayon.
Copper hydroxide is used widely in the aquarium industry for its ability to destroy external parasites in fish without killing the fish.
CAS Number: 20427-59-2
EC Number: 243-815-9
Chemical Formula: Cu(OH)2
Molar Mass: 97.561 g/mol
Synonyms: 20427-59-2, Copper(II) hydroxide, Copper dihydroxide, copper;dihydrate, copper(II)hydroxide, dihydroxycopper, MFCD00010968, Kuprablau, Parasol, Champ, Cuzin, Kocide, Wetcol, Cupravit blau, Comac Parasol, Cupravit Blue, Blue Shield, Technical Hydrox, Funguran OH, KOP Hydroxide, Blue Shield DF, Kocide DF, Kocide LF, Kocide SD, Champ Formula II, Nu-Cop, KOP Hydroxide WP, Spin Out FP, Kocide 101, Kocide 101PM, Kocide 220, Kocide 404, Caswell No. 242, Copper(2+) hydroxide, Kocide 2000, copper hydrate, Copper hydroxide (Cu(OH)2), HSDB 262, Hydrocop T, EINECS 243-815-9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 023401, Kocide Cupric Hydroxide Formulation Grade, Kocide Copper Hydroxide Antifouling Pigment, Cu(OH)2, Cupric Hydroxide Formulation Grade Agricultural Fungicide, DTXSID6034473, AKOS015903383, Copper(II) hydroxide, technical grade, EC 243-815-9, Copper hydroxide, Cuprichydroxide, copper;dihydroxide, 1344-69-0, COPPER(I)HYDROXIDE, 12125-21-2, Cuprous hydroxide, Copper monohydroxide, Copper(I) hydroxide, Spinout, PEI 24, EINECS 215-705-0, CuO2, CHEBI:81907, AKOS030228342, S521, C18712, Q186357, J-013306, J-520119, Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide, 12069-69-1, Carbonate hydroxyde de cuivre(2+) , Carbonic acid, copper(2+) salt, hydrate , Copper carbonate hydroxide, copper carbonate, basic , Copper hydroxide carbonate, Copper(2+)ato(2-) carbonatato(2-) hydroxido(2-), Cupric carbonate hydroxide, Kupfer(2+)carbonathydroxid , Kupfer(2+)carbonathydroxid, (Carbonato(2-))dihydroxydicopper, (Carbonato)dihydroxydicopper, 1344-66-7 , 138210-92-1 , 235-113-6 , 37396-60-4 , 39361-73-4 , BASIC COPPER CARBONATE, Basic copper(II) carbonate, Basic cupric carbonate, Carbonic acid, copper(2+) salt , Copper hydroxide carbonate (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), Copper hydroxy carbonate, Copper hydroxy carbonate (Cu2(OH)2CO3), Copper(II) carbonate basic, Copper(II) carbonate copper(II) hydroxide , Copper(II) carbonate dihydroxide, Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide , Copper(II) carbonate, basic, Copper(II) hydroxide carbonate, Copper, (carbonato)dihydroxydi-, Copper, (μ-(carbonato(2-)-O:O’))dihydroxydi-, Copper, (μ-(carbonato(2-)-κO:κO’))dihydroxydi-, Cupric carbonate basic, Cupric carbonate hydroxide (CuCO3.Cu(OH)2), Cupric carbonate, basic, Cupric subcarbonate, dicopper carbonate dihydroxide, Dicopper dihydroxycarbonate, dicupric carbonate dihydroxide, Kop karb
Copper hydroxide is also called cupric hydroxide is a pale blue precipitate produced when sodium or potassium hydroxide is added in excess to a solution of a copper salt.
Copper hydroxide is crystalline but inert compound used in the preparation of a wide variety of salts.
Copper hydroxide is prepared by adding just sufficient aqueous ammonia to cupric sulphate to hold the copper in solution and then precipitating the hydroxide either by the addition of an equivalent quantity of alkali by removing ammonia from the solution using a dessicator.
Copper Hydroxide is a highly water insoluble crystalline Copper source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments.
Hydroxide, the OH- anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry.
Hydroxide compounds have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide.
In a watershed 2013 experiment, scientists at JILA (the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) achieved evaporative cooling of compounds for the first time using hydroxide molecules, a discovery that may lead to new methods of controlling chemical reactions and could impact a range of disciplines, including atmospheric science and energy production technologies.
Copper Hydroxide is generally immediately available in most volumes.
Ultra high purity and high purity compositions improve both optical quality and usefulness as scientific standards.
Nanoscale elemental powders and suspensions, as alternative high surface area forms, may be considered.
The orthorhombic nature of copper hydroxide crystals was determined by X ray diffraction.
Copper hydroxide can act as a heterogeneous catalyst in the selective oxidative cross coupling of terminal alkynes to yield their corresponding ynamides.
A bright blue-green gel or light blue powder.
Cupric hydroxide will decompose with time or heat to form black copper oxide.
Copper hydroxide is used as a source for Copper salts and as a mordant in dyeing textiles.
Copper hydroxide reacts with Ammonium hydroxide to form the cuprammonium ion that is capable of dissolving Cellulose.
Copper hydroxide is used in the manufacture of rayon.
Copper hydroxide has also been reported as a component in marine corrosion crusts on copper alloys.
Copper hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2.
Copper hydroxide is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid.
Some forms of Copper hydroxide are sold as “stabilized” Copper hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although Copper hydroxides low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.
Copper hydroxide (chemical formula Cu(OH)2) is the hydroxide of the metal copper.
The typical color of copper hydroxide is blue.
Some forms of Copper hydroxide are sold as “stabilized” copper hydroxide, quite likely a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
These are often greener in color.
Coppers, fixed – copper hydroxide, copper oxide, copper oxychloride, includes products exempted from EPA tolerance, provided, that, copper-based materials must be used in a manner that minimizes accumulation in the soil and shall not be used as herbicides.
Copper hydroxide is the hydroxide of the metal copper with the chemical formula of CuOH.
Copper hydroxide is a mild, highly unstable alkali.
The color of pure Copper hydroxide is yellow or orange-yellow, but Copper hydroxide usually appears rather dark red because of impurities.
Copper hydroxide is extremely easily oxidized even at room temperature.
Copper hydroxide is useful for some industrial processes and in preventing condensation of formaldehyde.
Copper hydroxide is also an important reactant and intermediate for several important products including Cu2O3 and Cu(OH)2.
Additionally, Copper hydroxide can act as a catalyst in the synthesis pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives.
Copper hydroxide used as fungicides.
A mixture of copper hydroxide and copper sulfate is also used as insecticides and pesticides.
Malachite copper hydroxide is a bright green mineral used as a semiprecious stone for making ornaments.
Copper hydroxide is formed by adding a sodium hydroxide to a dilute solution of copper(II) sulfate(CuSO4·5H2O).
Copper hydroxide is an ionic compound.
Copper hydroxide undergoes dissociation to produce Cu2+ cation and OH- anion.
Cu is a metal and oxygen is non-metal so the bond between Cu and Oxygen is ionic in nature.
Copper hydroxide is a hydrated copper oxide, and Copper hydroxide does provide some concentration of OH- ions when Copper hydroxide is in the presence of acids (H3O+).
However, Copper hydroxide is largely insoluble in water.
Therefore, copper hydroxide would not be considered an alkali, but rather a weak base.
Copper hydroxide used as a fungicide.
Copper hydroxide which is used to kill parasitic fungi or their spores is known as fungicide.
Copper hydroxide is a quite inexpensive and abundant material, but the literature contains no reports of using Copper hydroxide as a stable water oxidation catalyst (WOC).
In this study, we report for the first time that Cu(OH)2 material synthesized from a simple copper salt can be used as a WOC with good activity and stability.
Under optimal conditions using Cu(OH)2 as the electrocatalyst, a catalytic current density of 0.1 mA/cm2 can be achieved under an applied potential of ∼1.05 V relative to Ag/AgCl at pH 9.2.
The slope of the Tafel plot is 78 mV/dec.
The Tafel plot indicates that a current density of ∼0.1 mA/cm2 requires an overpotential of 550 mV.
The Faradaic efficiency was measured to be ∼95%.
The as-synthesized Cu(OH)2 material was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Copper hydroxide is used as a fungicide for agriculture, as a mordant, as a source for copper salts, and for the manufacturing of rayon.
Applications of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide based monoliths can be used in the synthesis of copper hydroxide-based monolithic xerogels.
Potential applications of this metal organic frameworks (MOFs) include gas storage, separation, drug delivery, and biomedicine.
Supported Cu(OH)x can be used as a catalyst for the aerobic cross dehydrogenative coupling of benzenethiols and cyclic amides to yield N-acylsulfenamides.
Copper hydroxide is an important intermediate in the formation of copper(I) oxide (Cu2O).
The Cu2O compound has versatile applications such as for use in solar cells, for the oxidation of fiberglass, and for use in lithium ion batteries.
Copper hydroxide has even been shown to have a useful application in the development of DNA biosensors for the hepatitis B virus.
Notably, Copper hydroxide has been found that both CuOH and Cu(OH)2 must be simultaneously present for the synthesis of Cu2O.
Uses of Copper Hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide fungicides, first developed in the 1970’s, have become favored for most fungicide applications.
A mixture of copper hydroxide and copper sulfate is used as insecticides and pesticides.
Malachite copper hydroxide carbonate a bright green mineral used as an ore of copper and as a semiprecious stone for making ornaments.
Copper hydroxide has been used as an effective biocides as wood preservatives.
Copper hydroxide in ammonia solution, known as Schweizer’s reagent, possesses the interesting ability to dissolve cellulose.
This property led to Copper hydroxide being used in the production of rayon, a cellulose fiber.
Copper hydroxide is also used widely in the aquarium industry for Copper hydroxides ability to destroy external parasites in fish, including flukes, marine ich, Brooklynellosis, and marine velvet, without killing the fish.
Although other water-soluble copper compounds can be effective in this role, they generally result in high fish mortality.
Copper hydroxide has been used as an alternative to the Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide and nematicide.
Copper hydroxide is also occasionally used as ceramic colorant.
Copper hydroxide has been combined with latex paint, making a product designed to control root growth in potted plants.
Secondary and lateral roots thrive and expand, resulting in a dense and healthy root system.
Copper hydroxide was sold under the name Spin Out, which was first introduced by Griffin L.L.C.
Copper hydroxide is now sold as Microkote either in a solution you apply yourself, or as treated pots.
Copper hydroxide has been used as an alternative to the Bordeaux mixture, a fungicide and nematacide.
Nowadays, Copper hydroxide is disfavored because of environmental contamination problems.
Copper hydroxide is also occasionally used as ceramic colorant.
Industry Uses:
Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal)
Architectural and electrical products
Industrial Use
Intermediates
Metal Recovery
Metals recovery
Solids separation agents
Used as a smelter feedstock for metal recovery
Used as smelter feedstock for metal recovery
used as smelter feedstock for metal recovery
Use as an organic reagent:
Copper hydroxide has a rather specialized role in organic synthesis.
Often, when Copper hydroxide is utilized for this purpose, Copper hydroxide is prepared in situ by mixing a soluble copper(II) salt and potassium hydroxide.
Copper hydroxide is sometimes used in the synthesis of aryl amines.
For example, Copper hydroxide catalyzes the reaction of ethylenediamine with 1-bromoanthraquinone or 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone to form 1-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone or 1-amino-4-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone, respectively.
Copper hydroxide also converts acid hydrazides to carboxylic acids at room temperature.
This is especially useful in synthesizing carboxylic acids with other fragile functional groups.
The published yields are generally excellent as is the case with the production of benzoic acid and octanoic acid.
Structure of Copper hydroxide:
The structure of Copper hydroxide has been determined by X-ray crystallography The copper center is square pyramidal.
Four Cu-O distances in the plane range are 1.96 Å, and the axial Cu-O distance is 2.36 Å.
The hydroxide ligands in the plane are either doubly bridging or triply bridging.
Copper hydroxide can be a linear molecule of the symmetry group C∞v.
For the linear structure, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond has been found to be 1.788 Å and the distance of the O-H bond has been found to be 0.952 Å.
The Copper hydroxide bond angle was measured as 180°.
There is also the possibility of a formed Copper hydroxide with the point group Cs.
This has been found to have increased stability compared to the linear geometry.
In this case, the bond distance of the Cu-O bond was 1.818 Å and the bond distance of the O-H bond was 0.960 Å.
The bond angle for this geometry was 131.9°.
Copper hydroxide is highly ionic in character, which is why this angle is not exactly 120°.
Spectroscopic characterization of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has been characterized spectroscopically using intracavity laser spectroscopy, single vibronic level emission, and microwave spectroscopic detection.
Reagent for organic chemistry of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has a rather specialized role in organic synthesis.
Often, when Copper hydroxide is utilized for this purpose, Copper hydroxide is prepared in situ by mixing a soluble copper(II) salt and potassium hydroxide.
Copper hydroxide is sometimes used in the synthesis of aryl amines.
For example, Copper hydroxide catalyzes the reaction of ethylenediamine with 1-bromoanthraquinone or 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone to form 1-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone or 1-amino-4-((2-aminoethyl)amino)anthraquinone.
Copper hydroxide also converts acid hydrazides to carboxylic acids at room temperature.
This conversion is useful in the synthesis of carboxylic acids in the presence of other fragile functional groups.
The yields are generally excellent as is the case with the production of benzoic acid and octanoic acid.
Copper (I) vs other oxidation states of Copper hydroxide:
Cu+ and Cu2+ are the most common oxidation states of copper although Cu3+ and Cu4+ have also been reported.
Cu2+ tends to form stable compounds whereas Cu+ usually forms unstable compounds such as Copper hydroxide.
One exception to this is Cu2O, which is much more stable.
However, aside from Copper hydroxide, compounds containing Cu+ have not been studied as extensively as Cu2+ compounds due to their relative instability.
This includes Copper hydroxide.
Reactions of Copper hydroxide:
Moist samples of Copper hydroxide slowly turn black due to the formation of copper(II) oxide.
When Copper hydroxide is dry, however, Copper hydroxide does not decompose unless Copper hydroxide is heated to 185°C.
Copper hydroxide reacts with a solution of ammonia to form a deep blue solution consisting of the [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion, but the hydroxide is reformed when the solution is diluted with water.
Copper hydroxide in ammonia solution, known as Schweizer’s reagent, possesses the interesting ability to dissolve cellulose.
This property led to Copper hydroxide being used in the production of rayon, a cellulosic fiber.
Since Copper hydroxide is mildly amphoteric, Copper hydroxide dissolves slightly in concentrated alkali, forming [Cu(OH)4]2-.
Similar to iron(II) hydroxide, Copper hydroxide can easily oxidise into Copper hydroxide:
4CuOH + 2H2O + O2 <=> 4Cu(OH)2
Production of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can be produced by adding sodium hydroxide to a solution of a soluble copper(II) salt, such as copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4·5H2O):
2NaOH + CuSO4·5H2O → Cu(OH)2 + 6H2O + Na2SO4
The precipitate produced in this manner, however, often contains water and an appreciable amount of sodium containing impurities.
A purer product can be attained if ammonium chloride is added to the solution beforehand.
Alternatively, copper hydroxide is readily made by electrolysis of water (containing a little electrolyte such as sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate) with a copper anode:
Cu + 2OH− → Cu(OH)2 + 2e−
Producing Process of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide is produced by a reaction of copper oxychloride in an aqueous suspension with alkali hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of a stabilizing agent and the product is separated and washed.
To improve the stability of the copper hydroxide and to avoid a black coloring by copper oxide, inorganic silicon compounds which contain hydroxyl groups (SiOH) in the molecules or form such groups in an aqueous medium are added to the suspension.
Copper hydroxide is desirable to use particulate solid silicic acids or silicic acids which are soluble in water or colloidally dissolved.
Copper hydroxide (as the rarely occurring mineral spertiniite) is formed under alkaline, oxidising conditions.
Copper hydroxide has been observed as a naturally occurring corrosion product of brass in sea water.
But most occurrences on copper alloys are due to conservation treatments using basic solutions (sodium hydroxide or ammonia) or to intentional patination.
Classical brass centrepieces (c. 1800), ‘cleaned’ with ammonia solution, developed a blue spertiniite patina in gaps, where evaporation was hindered.
Additional to the danger of stress corrosion cracking this is another reason now outlawing this treatment.
Copper pigment layers will transform to copper hydroxide when exposed to bases.
The treatment of basic copper salts with bases has been used intentionally in the production of Bremen blue and similar pigments which can be composed of copper hydroxide as well.
When concentrated ammonia solution (ammonium hydroxide) is added to a clear, light blue, aqueous solution of copper(II) chloride, a powdery, light blue precipitate of Copper hydroxide forms.
Further addition of ammonia causes the copper ion to go back into solution as a deep blue ammonia complex.
The addition of 12M sulfuric acid reverses the changes through the copper hydroxide precipate back to clear, light blue color of the original solution.
This is less reactive than copper carbonate basic and more reactive than cupric oxide (CuO).
This material does not contribute to CO2 bubbling in glazes.
Copper Hydroxide has a fairly complex decomposition as Copper hydroxide is heated to melting point.
Around 185C Copper hydroxide loses about 18% weight as Copper hydroxide decomposes to the heat stable CuO (cupric oxide) which remains stable until 1000C.
Around 1050C about 6.5% is lost, likely involving partial loss of oxygen to form a mix of cuprous and cupric oxides.
Please check the accompanying curve to see the history of weight loss as this is fired.
You can see how much weight Copper hydroxide lost, where Copper hydroxide occurs and how fast Copper hydroxide happens.
Compare this with Copper Carbonate Basic to see the difference.
Copper hydroxide is the hydroxide of copper with the chemical formula of Cu(OH)2.
Copper hydroxide is a pale greenish blue or bluish green solid.
Some forms of Copper hydroxide are sold as “stabilized” Copper hydroxide, although they likely consist of a mixture of copper(II) carbonate and hydroxide.
Cupric hydroxide is a strong base, although Copper hydroxides low solubility in water makes this hard to observe directly.
Field of the invention:
Our present invention relates to a process of producing stabilized Copper hydroxide i.e. Copper hydroxide from copper oxychloride by a reaction with basic substances.
Background of the invention:
The process of producing Copper hydroxide from copper oxychloride known uses phosphate ions to ensure that the product will be stable and storable.
These phosphate ions are added before the copper oxychloride suspended in an aqueous phase is reacted with alkali metal hydroxide and/or alkaline earth metal hydroxide, the precipitated Copper hydroxide formed by the reaction is washed and the resuspended Copper hydroxide is stabilized by a treatment with acid phosphate with an adjustment of a pH value between 7.5 and 9.
That process consists of a plurality of steps, at high labor and equipment cost.
For this reason Copper hydroxide is also known to produce Copper hydroxide without a subsequent pH adjustment.
This process has the disadvantage that the Copper hydroxide product is converted at least in part to black copper(II) oxide during prolonged storage or earlier during a drying treatment.
Objects of the invention:
Copper hydroxide is the general object of our invention to provide a method of making stable Copper hydroxide which obviates the disadvantages of the prior art processes.
Copper hydroxide is another object of the invention to provide for the production of Copper hydroxide from copper oxychloride a process which involves only low labor and equipment costs so that Copper hydroxide can be carried out in a simple manner and which results in a stable, storable Copper hydroxide.
Description of the invention:
Copper hydroxide is produced by a reaction of hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in the presence of a stabilizing agent separating and washing the product.
In accordance with the invention in the stabilizing agent consists of one or more inorganic silicon compounds which contain hydroxyl groups (SiOH, silanol groups) in the molecule or form such groups in an aqueous medium and is added an amount of 1 to 10% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide.
By the addition of one or more of these substances in accordance with the invention a stabilization of the precipitated copper hydroxide is effected in a simple manner and even a partial conversion of the copper hydroxide to black copper(II) oxide will be avoided during a prolonged storage as a suspension and during recovery of dry Copper hydroxide.
Within the scope of the invention, suitable stabilizing agents include particulate solid silicic acids or silicic acids which are dissolved or colloidally dispersed in a aqueous medium.
Those additives which are insoluble in water are directly added to the aqueous suspension of a freshly prepared copper oxychloride.
In that case the additives are added to the copper oxychloride suspension in the reaction vessel immediately before the reaction with alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide.
Stabilizing agents which are soluble in water or colloidally dispersible therein are suitably added to a separately prepared Copper hydroxide suspension immediately after the washing and filtering process.
Suitable water-insoluble inorganic silicon compounds which contain hydroxyl groups in the molecule or form such groups in an aqueous medium include pyrogenic silicic acids, such as silicic acids formed by a thermal decomposition of silicon tetrachloride in an oxyhydrogen gas flame.
Such pyrogenic silicic acids generally have a particle diameter between 10 and 20 millimicrons and will improve also the physical properties of the final product, for instance, the aqueous suspensibility or wettability of the copper hydroxide.
Particulate silica can similarly be used.
A properly classified silica having a particle size between 10 and 80 millimicrons is preferred in that case.
In an aqueous medium, the solid silicic acids tend to take up water molecules by an addition reaction with formation of hydrogen-bond bridges so that a large proportion of SiOH groups is formed.
Substances which may be used to form a stabilized copper hydroxide in the process in accordance with the invention include also the silicic acids which are soluble in water or colloidally dissolved, such as the orthosilicic acid, metasilicic acid or polysilicic acids.
Suitable stabilizing agents include, e.g., silica sols or silica gels made from water-glass solutions by an addition of dilute acids.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention, dissolved alkali metal silicate may be used, e.g., in the form of a water-glass solution.
As noted, in the process in accordance with the invention the inorganic silicon compounds are used in an amount equal to 1 to 10% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide.
In a preferred embodiment of the invention a stabilized Copper hydroxide is produced in a process in which the stabilizing agent is used in an amount of 2 to 5% of the solid Copper hydroxide.
In another desirable embodiment of the invention, a stabilizer is selected which will also improve important physical properties of the final product, such as Copper hydroxides water suspensibility and wettability, which properties are required for various uses, particularly in agriculture for the protection of crops with copper-containing agents.
Pyrogenic silicic acids are particularly suitable for that purpose.
In the process in accordance with the invention Copper hydroxide is also necessary to take care and to ensure that the suspension of the stabilized Copper hydroxide has a pH value in the range from 7.5 to 9.
This is accomplished in a simple manner by washing or by addition of phosphoric acid.
The process in accordance with the invention has numerous advantages.
For instance the washing water which becomes available in the process in accordance with the invention contains virtually no substances which pollute the effluent.
The mother liquor and part of the spent washing water which becomes available can be recycled and re-used to suspend the copper oxychloride employed as a starting product, although the concentration of the alkaline solution must be increased in that case from an initial value of 2 to 5 grams per liter to 4 to 10 grams per liter.
The stabilized Copper hydroxide produced by the process in accordance with the invention contains 45 to 61 wt.% copper.
Copper hydroxide has a particle size of 0.1 to 5 microns and Copper hydroxides physical and chemical composition will not change even with storage over several years.
The Copper hydroxide produced by the process in accordance with the invention is particularly suitable for making other copper compounds, for the further processing to copper-based coloring materials and for the production of preparations for the protection of crops.
Specific examples:
The invention will be explained more in detail by the following Examples.
Example 1:
116 liters of a freshly prepared suspension of copper oxychloride having a solids content of 860 grams per liter are mixed with stirring with 3 kg pyrogenic silicic acid finely dispersed in 600 liters water.
A solution of 36 kg caustic soda in 150 liters water was subsequently quickly admixed, while a reaction temperature of up to 25° C was maintained.
The reaction was completed after a few minutes; this was apparent from an intense blue color of the resulting Copper hydroxide.
The resulting Copper hydroxide was subsequently washed with water on a rotary filter.
This resulted in a decrease of the pH value to 7.5 to 9.
The product obtained could be processed further as a suspension or after having been dried to a powder.
No formation of copper(II) oxide with development of a black color has noted during the storage of the liquid product or during the drying of the product.
Example 2:
The process of Example 1 was repeated but the water employed as a suspension medium for the copper oxychloride used as a starting product was replaced by the mother liquor enriched with caustic soda solution and by part of the spent washing water.
The sodium chloride contained in that water had an influence only in that the concentration of the alkaline solution had to be increased from 4 g/l in Example 1 to 7 g/l.
Claims:
A method of producing Copper hydroxide which comprises reacting copper oxychloride in an aqueous suspension with a substance selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxide and alkaline earth metal hydroxide, adding as a stabilizer agent for the Copper hydroxide at least one inorganic silicon compound selected from the group consisting of silicon compounds containing hydroxyl groups in their molecules and silicon compounds forming hydroxyl groups in an aqueous medium, in a quantity of 1 to 10% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide formed; and recovering and washing the said Copper hydroxide thus formed.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said silicon compound is a compound selected from the group which consists of particulate solid silicic acid, water-soluble silicic acid, and colloidally dissolved silicic acid.
The method defined in claim 2 wherein said silicon compound is selected from the group which consists of orthosilicic acid, metasilicic acid or polysilicic acid.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said compound is particulate pyrogenic silicic acid produced by a decomposition of silicon tetrachloride.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said compound is a particulate silica having a particle size of 10 to 80 millimicrons.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said compound is an alkali metal silicate.
The method defined in claim 1 wherein said inorganic silicon compound is used in an amount of 2 to 5% by weight of the solid Copper hydroxide.
Preparation of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can be made by adding very dilute sodium hydroxide to a soluble copper(II) salt, and not the other way around.
The hydroxide precipitates, with the best samples precipitating in colder solutions.
In excessively basic conditions, the hydroxide formed will rapidly convert to copper(II) oxide, which is exacerbated by heating.
If aqueous ammonia is used instead of sodium hydroxide, the Copper hydroxide precipitated has much greater air stability, but if excess ammonia is added, the hydroxide will begin to dissolve, forming the deep blue tetraammine copper(II) complex.
A diluted solution of sodium hydroxide is then added to precipitate the Copper hydroxide from the solution, and this route has the advantage of preventing local hotspots which cause the formation of copper(II) oxide.
Very pure copper hydroxide can also be made via electrolysis of water with a copper anode, containing small amounts of sodium sulfate.
The dissociation of Cu(OH)2- leads to the formation of Copper hydroxide.
Cu(OH)2- <=> CuOH + OH-
The dissociation energy required for this reaction is 62 ± 3 kcal/mol.
Another method is by the double displacement of CuCl and NaOH：
CuCl + NaOH <=> NaCl + CuOH
Notably, this method is rarely used because the Copper hydroxide produced will gradually dehydrate and eventually turn into Cu2O.
General Manufacturing Information of Copper hydroxide:
Industry Processing Sectors:
Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting
All other basic inorganic chemical manufacturing
Computer and electronic product manufacturing
Mining (except oil and gas) and support activities
Other – Secondary Precious Metals Reclaimers
Primary metal manufacturing
Synthesis of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can be produced by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide to a dilute solution of copper(II) sulfate (CuSO4 · 5H2O).
The precipitate produced in this manner, however, often contains an appreciable amount of sodium hydroxide impurity and a purer product can be attained if ammonium chloride is added to the solution beforehand.
Alternatively, copper hydroxide is readily made by electrolysis of water (containing a little electrolyte such as sodium bicarbonate).
A copper anode is used, often made from scrap copper.
“Copper in moist air slowly acquires a dull green coating. The green material is a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3.”
2Cu(s) + H2O(g) + CO2(g) + O2(g) —> Cu(OH)2(s) + CuCO3(s)
Catalytic activity of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide can act as a catalyst.
Copper hydroxide has been found to be useful in the reaction of heterocyclic ketene aminals (an important building block) with diazoesters.
This reaction is used to synthesize pyrimidopyrrolidone derivatives with high yields and mild reaction conditions needed.
As a catalyst in these reactions, Copper hydroxide is used with potassium tert-butoxide and argon with tert-butyl hydroperoxide and dichloroethane.
25 examples of these reactions were successfully performed.
Chemicals in the pyrrolidone family have been useful for drug development, including pharmaceuticals for the neuroprotection after strokes and in anti-seizure medications.
Although these are psychoactive drugs, they tend to have fewer side effects than their counterparts.
The mechanisms by which these drugs work have yet to be established.
Copper hydroxide is stable to about 100 °C.
Copper hydroxide reacts with a solution of ammonia to form a deep blue solution of tetramminecopper [Cu(NH3)4]2+ complex ion.
Copper hydroxide catalyzes the oxidation of ammonia solutions in presence of dioxygen, giving rise to copper ammine nitrites, such as Cu(NO2)2(NH3)n.
Copper hydroxide is mildly amphoteric.
Copper hydroxide dissolves slightly in concentrated alkali, forming [Cu(OH)4]2−.
Other Copper hydroxides:
Together with other components, Copper hydroxides are numerous.
Several copper(II)-containing minerals contain hydroxide.
Notable examples include azurite, malachite, antlerite, and brochantite.
Azurite (2CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) and malachite (CuCO3·Cu(OH)2) are hydroxy-carbonates, whereas antlerite (CuSO4·2Cu(OH)2) and brochantite (CuSO4·3Cu(OH)2) are hydroxy-sulfates.
Many synthetic Copper hydroxide derivatives have been investigated.
Chemical Properties of Copper Hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid forms copper sulfate and water.
The chemical equation is given below.
Cu(OH)2 + H2SO4 → CuSO4 + 2 H2O
Mineral of Copper hydroxide:
The mineral of the formula Cu(OH)2 is called spertiniite.
Copper hydroxide is rarely found as an uncombined mineral because Copper hydroxide slowly reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form a basic copper(II) carbonate.
Thus copper slowly acquires a dull green coating in moist air by the reaction:
2 Cu(OH)2 + CO2 → Cu2CO3(OH)2 + H2O
The green material is in principle a 1:1 mole mixture of Cu(OH)2 and CuCO3.
This patina forms on bronze and other copper alloy statues such as the Statue of Liberty.
Occurrence of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has been known since copper smelting began around 5000 BC although the alchemists were probably the first to manufacture Copper hydroxide by mixing solutions of lye (sodium or potassium hydroxide) and blue vitriol (copper(II) sulfate).
Sources of both compounds were available in antiquity.
Copper hydroxide was produced on an industrial scale during the 17th and 18th centuries for use in pigments such as blue verditer and Bremen green.
These pigments were used in ceramics and painting.
Natural occurrence:
Copper hydroxide is found in several different copper minerals, most notably azurite, malachite, antlerite, and brochantite.
Azurite (2CuCO3 • Cu(OH)2 ) and malachite (CuCO3 • Cu(OH)2) are carbonates while antlerite (CuSO4 • 2Cu(OH)2) and brochantite (CuSO4 • 3Cu(OH)2) are sulfates.
Copper hydroxide is rarely found as an uncombined mineral because Copper hydroxide slowly reacts with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to form a basic copper(II) carbonate.
History of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide has been known to man since copper smelting began around 5000 BCE although the alchemists were probably the first to manufacture Copper hydroxide.
This was easily done by mixing solutions of lye and blue vitriol, both chemicals which were known in antiquity.
Copper hydroxide was produced on an industrial scale during the 17th and 18th centuries for use in pigments such as blue verditer and Bremen green.
These pigments were used in ceramics and painting.
Pharmacology and Biochemistry of Copper hydroxide:
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion:
Ionic copper is absorbed from the stomach, duodenum, & jejunum.
The initial absorption is about 30%, but the effective net absorption is only about 5% due to excretion of copper into the bile; biliary copper is bound to protein, & this complex is not reabsorbed.
Absorption is influenced by a number of factors including the chemical forms of copper: oxides, hydroxides, iodides, glutamates, citrates, & pyrophosphates of copper are readily absorbed, but copper sulfides & other water insoluble salts are poorly absorbed.
Copper complexes of some amino acids are easily absorbed, whereas copper porphyrins present in meat are very poorly absorbed.
Handling and storage of Copper hydroxide:
Storage:
Dry copper hydroxide should be stored in closed plastic bottles.
Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Do not inhale substance/mixture.
Hygiene measures:
Change contaminated clothing.
Preventive skin protection recommended.
Wash hands after
working with substance.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Keep in a dry place.
Air and moisture sensitive.
Store under argon.
Hygroscopic.
Store at controlled room temperature (15 to 30°C).
Storage class:
Storage class (TRGS 510): 6.1B: Non-combustible, acute toxic Cat. 1 and 2 / very toxic hazardous materials
Stability and reactivity of Copper hydroxide:
Reactivity:
No data available
Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
Possibility of hazardous reactions:
Violent reactions possible with:
Strong acids
Acid anhydrides
Conditions to avoid:
no information available
Incompatible materials:
No data available
Safety of Copper hydroxide:
Copper hydroxide is mostly safe, but oral and skin exposure should be limited when wet, as Copper hydroxide is sparingly soluble, and the general trend among soluble copper compounds is that they act as irritants and are mildly toxic.
Dilute hydrochloric acid in the stomach may react with Copper hydroxide to form copper(II) chloride, which is more of a concern.
First aid measures of Copper hydroxide:
General advice:
First aiders need to protect themselves.
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Take a fresh air.
Immediately call in physician.
If breathing stops:
Immediately apply artificial respiration, if necessary also oxygen.
In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
Firefighting measures of Copper hydroxide:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding environment.
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture:
Copper oxides
Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.
Advice for firefighters:
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus.
Prevent skin contact by keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.
Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
Accidental release measures of Copper hydroxide:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Advice for non-emergency personnel:
Avoid generation and inhalation of dusts in all circumstances.
Avoid substance contact.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency procedures, consult an expert.
Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Avoid generation of dusts.
Exposure controls/personal protection of Copper hydroxide:
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Skin protection:
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet, supplied by us and for the designated use.
When dissolving in or mixing with other substances and under conditions deviating from those stated in EN 16523-1 please contact the supplier of CE-approved gloves.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:KCL 741 Dermatril® L
Body Protection:
protective clothing
Respiratory protection:
required when dusts are generated.
Our recommendations on filtering respiratory protection are based on the following standards:
DIN EN 143, DIN 14387 and other accompanying standards relating to the used respiratory protection system.
Recommended Filter type: Filter type P3
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer.
These measures have to be properly documented.
Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains
Identifiers of Copper hydroxide:
CAS Number: 20427-59-2
ChemSpider: 144498
ECHA InfoCard: 100.039.817
KEGG: C18712
PubChem CID: 164826
UNII: 3314XO9W9A
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID6034473
InChI:
InChI=1S/Cu.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
Key: JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/Cu.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
Key: JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-NUQVWONBAH
SMILES: [Cu+2].[OH-].[OH-]
Linear Formula: Cu(OH)2
MDL Number: MFCD00010968
EC No.: 243-815-9
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 164826
IUPAC Name: copper dihydroxide
SMILES: [Cu+2].[OH-].[OH-]
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/Cu.2H2O/h;2*1H2/q+2;;/p-2
InchI Key: JJLJMEJHUUYSSY-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Properties of Copper hydroxide:
Chemical formula: Cu(OH)2
Molar mass: 97.561 g/mol
Appearance: Blue or blue-green solid
Density: 3.368 g/cm3, solid
Melting point: 80 °C (176 °F; 353 K) approximate, decomposes into CuO
Solubility in water: negligible
Solubility product (Ksp): 2.20 x 10−20[1]
Solubility:
İnsoluble in ethanol;
Soluble in NH4OH
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): +1170.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Cu(OH)2: Copper Hydroxide
Density: 3.37 g/cm³
Molecular Weight/ Molar Mass: 97.561 g/mol
pH: 7.69
Melting Point: 80° C
Chemical Formula: Cu(OH)2
Odour: Fishy odour
Appearance: Blue or bluish green solid
Covalently-Bonded Unit: 3
Heavy Atom Count: 3
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor: 2
Solubility: Insoluble in water
Molecular Weight: 99.58:
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 2:
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 2:
Rotatable Bond Count: 0:
Exact Mass: 98.950726:
Monoisotopic Mass: 98.950726:
Topological Polar Surface Area: 2 Ų:
Heavy Atom Count: 3:
Complexity: 2.8:
Isotope Atom Count: 0:
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0:
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0:
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0:
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0:
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3:
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Thermochemistry of Copper hydroxide:
Std molar entropy (So298): 108 J·mol−1·K−1
Std enthalpy of formation (ΔfH⦵298): −450 kJ·mol−1
Related compounds of Copper hydroxide:
Copper(I) oxide
Copper(I) chloride
Other anions:
Copper(II) oxide
Copper(II) carbonate
Copper(II) sulfate
Copper(II) chloride
Other cations:
Nickel(II) hydroxide
Zinc hydroxide
Iron(II) hydroxide
Cobalt hydroxide
Names of Copper hydroxide:
IUPAC name:
Copper(II) hydroxide
Other name:
Cupric hydroxide
MeSH of Copper hydroxide:
Cu(OH)2
cupric hydroxide