DIBUTYL PHTHALATE
DIBUTYL PHTHALATE
Dibutyl phthalate is a versatile, commonly used plasticizer added to plastics, paints, inks, and cosmetics to increase flexibility, though its widespread use has raised environmental and health concerns.
With the chemical formula C₆H₄(CO₂C₄H₉)₂, Dibutyl phthalate is a colorless to yellow oily liquid that is insoluble in water but soluble in many organic solvents.
Dibutyl phthalate is an organic compound widely used as a plasticizer to make plastics more flexible and durable, especially in products like PVC, adhesives, and coatings.
CAS Number: 84-74-2
EC Number: 201-557-4
Molecular Formula: C16H22O4
Molecular Weight: 278.35 g/mol
Synonyms: 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester, 1,2-dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, CAS 84-74-2, DBP, dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE, Dibutyl Phthalate, Dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, Dibutyl Phthalate, Dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate; DBP, Dibutylphthalat, Dibutylphthalate, Dibutyl phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, Butyl phthalate, dibasic (2:1), n-Butyl phthalate, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, o-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, DBP, Palatinol C, Elaol, Dibutyl 1,2-benzene-dicarboxylate, dibutyl phthalate, 84-74-2, Di-n-butyl phthalate, n-Butyl phthalate, Butyl phthalate, Genoplast B, Palatinol C, Celluflex DPB, Unimoll DB, Staflex DBP, Elaol, Ergoplast FDB, Witcizer 300, Kodaflex DBP, Hexaplas M/B, DIBUTYLPHTHALATE, Dibutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, Dibutyl-o-phthalate, dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, Phthalic acid dibutyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester, DBP (ester), N-Butylphthalate, dibutyl-phthalate, Ersoplast FDA, Phthalate, di-n-butyl, Uniflex DBP, Hatcol DBP, Dibutyl o-phthalate, RC Plasticizer DBP, Benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid di-n-butyl ester, Phthalic acid, dibutyl ester, o-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester, RCRA waste number U069, PX 104, ortho-Dibutyl phthalate, Phthalic acid di-n-butyl ester, Di-n-butylorthophthalate, Monocizer dbp, Plasthall dbp, Dibutyl-1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, Dibutylphthatlate, Vestinol c, Hatco dbp, Palatinol DBP, NSC 6370, di-n-butyl phthalate (DBuP), Corflex 440, Morflex 240, Ruifeng vp 201, Uniplex 150, Di-n-butylester kyseliny ftalove, CHEBI:34687, Yh-1bd2, NSC-6370, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-dibutyl ester, o-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, CHEMBL272485, DTXSID2021781, Benzene-o-dicarboxylic acid, di-n-butyl ester, Vp-201, 2286E5R2KE, Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, 1,2-dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, Dibutyl ester of 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, Phthalate, dibutyl-, Caswell No. 292, nutyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate (DBP), Phthalate, Butyl, CAS-84-74-2, Phthalate, Dibutyl, CCRIS 2676, HSDB 922, Di n Butyl Phthalate, RAPIDCELLtrade markP, Dibutyl phthalate [NF], SR-05000001549, EINECS 201-557-4, RCRA waste no. U069, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 028001, BRN 1914064, Di-n-butylester kyseliny ftalove [Czech], Bufa, UNII-2286E5R2KE, AI-3-00283, Dibutyll phthalate, MFCD00009441, Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester, Spectrum_001975, Di(1-butyl) phthalate, SpecPlus_000628, Dibutyl phthalate, 99%, Spectrum3_000874, Spectrum4_000714, Spectrum5_002068, Epitope ID:138714, EC 201-557-4, WLN: 4OVR BVO2, Dibutyl phthalate, >=99%, SCHEMBL24051, BSPBio_002547, KBioGR_001267, KBioSS_002541, SPECTRUM330086, MLS002177802, BIDD, DivK1c_006724, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [II], DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [MI], Phthalic acid, bis-butyl ester, GTPL6295, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [HSDB], DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [INCI], KBio1_001668, KBio2_002532, KBio2_005100, KBio2_007668, KBio3_002047, BUTYL PHTHALATE [WHO-DD], NSC6370, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [MART.], Dibutyl phthalate, AR, >=99%, Dibutyl phthalate, LR, >=98%, Dibutyl 1, 2-benzenedicarboxylate, HMS2091E09, HMS3041E18, Pharmakon1600-00330086, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [USP-RS], BCP24796, HY-Y0304, ZINC1693431, Dibutyl phthalate, Selectophore(TM), Tox21_201729, Tox21_300980, BBL011532, BDBM50371946, NSC755894, STL146650, AKOS005720807, CCG-230933, DB13716, NSC-755894, DIBUTYL PHTHALATE [EP MONOGRAPH], NCGC00090769-01, NCGC00090769-02, NCGC00090769-03, NCGC00090769-04, NCGC00090769-05, NCGC00090769-06, NCGC00090769-07, NCGC00090769-08, NCGC00090769-09, NCGC00254882-01, NCGC00259278-01, SMR000777923, SBI-0052568.P002, CS-0013564, Dibutyl phthalate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, FT-0624680, P0292, S5377, EN300-77394, Dibutyl phthalate, SAJ special grade, >=98.0%, Q415612, J-503795, SR-05000001549-1, SR-05000001549-3, BRD-K73477617-001-01-0, BRD-K73477617-001-04-4, Dibutyl phthalate, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, F0001-2134, Z277540112, Dibutyl phthalate, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Dibutyl phthalate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Dibutyl phthalate, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Dibutyl Phthalate, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Dibutyl phthalate [ACD/IUPAC Name] [Wiki], 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester [ACD/Index Name], 1,2-dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, 201-557-4 [EINECS], 84-74-2 [RN], DBP, Dibutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, Dibutyl o-phthalate, Dibutylphthalat [German], Dibutyl-phthalat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], di-n-butyl o-phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, di-n-butylphthalate, di-n-butyl-phthalate, MFCD00009441 [MDL number], n-Butyl phthalate, o-Benzenedicarboxylic acid dibutyl ester, Phtalate de dibutyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Phthalate, Dibutyl, Phthalate, Di-n-Butyl, Phthalic acid dibutyl ester, Phthalic acid di-n-butyl ester, Phthalic acid, dibutyl ester, TI0875000, [84-74-2]
Dibutyl phthalate is an organic compound which is commonly used as a plasticizer because of Dibutyl phthalate low toxicity and wide liquid range.
With the chemical formula C6H4(CO2C4H9)2, Dibutyl phthalate is a colorless oil, although commercial samples are often yellow.
Dibutyl phthalate is a colorless oily liquid.
Dibutyl phthalate is insoluble in water.
The primary hazard is the threat to the environment.
Immediate steps should be taken to limit Dibutyl phthalate spread to the environment.
Since Dibutyl phthalate is a liquid Dibutyl phthalate can easily penetrate the soil and contaminate groundwater and nearby streams.
Dibutyl phthalate is combustible though Dibutyl phthalate may take some effort to ignite.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in paints and plastics and as a reaction media for chemical reactions.
Dibutyl phthalate was an endocrine disruptor, which may lead to cancer and affects reproductive function when accumulated in the body.
But the precise role of Dibutyl phthalate in the reproductive system remained controversial.
Dibutyl phthalate is an odorless and colorless to faint yellow oily liquid.
Dibutyl phthalate is molecular weight is 278.35 g/mol.
Dibutyl phthalate is also known as di-n-butyl phthalate.
Dibutyl phthalate has various industrial uses.
Dibutyl phthalate is used to make flexible plastics that are found in a variety of consumer products.
Dibutyl phthalate appears to have relatively low acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) toxicity.
Due to concerns for toxicity, Dibutyl phthalate is banned in children’s toys in concentrations of 1000 ppm or greater.
Dibutyl phthalate is a member of the group of chemicals known as phthalates, which are used around the world as solvents and plasticizers.
Solvents are used to dissolve other substances, whereas plasticizers make substances more pliable.
Dibutyl phthalate is a versatile compound that is used in a wide range of products such as plastics, paints, inks and cosmetics.
Dibutyl phthalate’s most commonly used as a plasticizer, though Dibutyl phthalate shows up in many applications, which is why Dibutyl phthalate widespread use has opened up conversation.
Dibutyl phthalate does have human health and environmental concerns to be aware of.
There are many types of phthalates, and each has Dibutyl phthalate own properties, uses and effects.
The most commonly studied phthalates are DEHP, DINP, DIDP, BBP and DBP.
These chemicals have been studied extensively, but additional research is still needed.
When working around Dibutyl phthalate, risk reduction measures should be established.
Dibutyl phthalate is a man-made chemical that is added to plastics and other chemicals.
In plastics Dibutyl phthalate helps keep them soft (a plasticizer).
Dibutyl phthalate is also used in elastomers, lacquers, explosives, printing inks, resin solvents, perfume oil solvents, paper coatings, adhesives, and nail polish.
Dibutyl phthalate is used as a solid rocket propellant.
Dibutyl phthalate is most commonly used as a plasticizer in a variety of household products.
Dibutyl phthalate has the ability to leach and evaporate into the environment while using or disposing of these products.
Therefore, studies are being conducted to assess Dibutyl phthalate toxic and apoptotic effects.
Studies have also indicated that exposure to high doses of Dibutyl phthalate may interfere with progesterone and estradiol production.
Dibutyl phthalate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Dibutyl phthalate is found in cloves.
Dibutyl phthalate was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006.
Dibutyl phthalate is a suspected endocrine disruptor.
Dibutyl phthalate was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006.
Dibutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer.
Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks.
Dibutyl phthalate is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene.
Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an ectoparasiticide.
Dibutyl phthalate, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters.
These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
Dibutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer.
Dibutyl phthalate is a paint tasting, colorless oil, although commercial samples are often yellow.
Metabolism of dibutyl phthalate proceeds mainly by nonspecific esterases in the gastrointestinal tract, which hydrolyze one of the butyl ester bonds to yield mono-n-butyl phthalate, the primary toxic metabolite.
Dibutyl phthalate is absorbed via oral, inhalation, and dermal routes.
Dibutyl phthalate is rapidly distributed and cleared from the body.
Mono-butyl phthalate is conjugated with glucuronic acid via glucuronosyltransferase and excreted in the urine.
Dibutyl phthalate is a potentially toxic compound.
The most characteristic effect of dibutyl phthalate on mammals is testicular atrophy.
Animal studies have shown that dibutyl phthalate can affect the reproductive ability by decreasing sperm count and causing birth defects.
Dibutyl phthalate has also exhibited toxic effects in liver mitochondria by uncoupling energy-linked processes and inhibiting the succinate dehydrogenase.
Adverse effects from dibutyl phthalate exposure have not yet been reported in humans.
Dibutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer.
Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks.
Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an ectoparasiticide.
Dibutyl phthalate, and other phthalates, are often reported as components of natural products extracts.
However, due to their high solubility in organic solvents (e.g. ethanol, ethers, dichloromethane, and benzene) they are most likely a contaminant analyte, introduced into the sample through the use of plastics during sample preparation or from contaminated solvents, especially in gas chromatography analyses.
Dibutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of butan-1-ol.
Although used extensively as a plasticiser, Dibutyl phthalate is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that poses a risk to humans.
Dibutyl phthalate has a role as an environmental contaminant, a teratogenic agent, a plasticiser, a metabolite and an EC 3.2.1.20 (alpha-glucosidase) inhibitor.
Dibutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester and a diester.
Dibutyl phthalate is functionally related to a butan-1-ol.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in making flexible plastics that are found in a variety of consumer products.
Dibutyl phthalate appears to have relatively low acute (short-term) and chronic (long-term) toxicity.
No information is available regarding the effects in humans from inhalation or oral exposure to dibutyl phthalate, and only minimal effects have been noted in animals exposed by inhalation.
No studies are available on the reproductive, developmental, or carcinogenic effects of dibutyl phthalate in humans.
Animal studies have reported developmental and reproductive effects from oral exposure.
EPA has classified dibutyl phthalate as a Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
Dibutyl phthalate is found in cloves.
Dibutyl phthalate was added to the California Proposition 65 (1986) list of suspected teratogens in November 2006.
Dibutyl phthalate is a suspected endocrine disruptor.
Dibutyl phthalate was used in some nail polishes; all major producers began eliminating this chemical from nail polishes in the Fall of 2006.
Dibutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer.
Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an additive to adhesives or printing inks.
Dibutyl phthalate is soluble in various organic solvents, e.g. in alcohol, ether and benzene.
Dibutyl phthalate is also used as an ectoparasiticide.
Dibutyl phthalate is an oily liquid that belongs to a family of chemicals called phthalates, which are added to some plastics to make them flexible.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in various consumer products, including:
Some wire and cable insulation, gloves, tubing, garden hoses, shoes, and personal care products, including some perfumes and other products containing fragrances, and nail polishes.
California law prohibits the manufacture, sale, or distribution of children’s toys and child care articles containing Dibutyl phthalate at levels greater than 0.1%.
Market Overview of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Dibutyl phthalate is a widely used plasticizer, primarily employed to enhance the flexibility and workability of plastics such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Dibutyl phthalate’s applications span across industries including plastics, paints and coatings, adhesives, and printing inks.
While Dibutyl phthalate was once common in cosmetics and personal care products, its use in these areas has declined significantly due to increasing regulatory restrictions, particularly in the European Union and the United States, where it is classified as a reproductive toxicant.
The global market is driven by strong demand in industrial applications, especially in Asia-Pacific, where countries like China and India are major producers and consumers.
However, the market faces notable challenges due to growing environmental and health concerns, leading to a gradual shift toward phthalate-free alternatives.
Despite regulatory pressures in North America and Europe, Dibutyl phthalate remains relevant in regions with fewer restrictions, sustaining its market presence globally.
Uses of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Dibutyl phthalate has multiple uses in a variety of materials.
Primary uses for dibutyl phthalate are to soften and increase plastic flexibility, for example, in shower curtains, raincoats, food wraps, and car interiors to name a few.
Dibutyl phthalate has been used in insect repellents and as a solvent for perfume oil and resins.
Dibutyl phthalate can be used as a plasticizer in nitrocellulose lacquers, elastomers, explosives, nail polish, and solid rocket propellants.
Other uses include perfume fixative, textile lubricating agent, safety glass additive, printing inks, and adhesives.
Dibutyl phthalate is used to help make plastics soft and flexible.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in shower curtains, raincoats, food wraps, bowls, car interiors, vinyl fabrics, floor tiles, and other products.
Dibutyl phthalate is plasticizer (added to polymers to effect flexibility and/or toughness); also used as an insect repellant in clothing and a solvent for perfumes, oils, and textiles.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in epoxy resins as a non-reactive solvent.
Dibutyl phthalate is plasticizer; solvent for oil-soluble dyes, insecticides and other organics; antifoam agent; textile fiber lubricant; fragrance fixative; insect repellent.
Di-n-butyl phthalate is used to make plastics more flexible and is also in carpet backings, paints, glue, insect repellents, hair spray, nail polish, and rocket fuel.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in so many everyday products, we probably all have something in our homes that contain Dibutyl phthalate.
Over 75% of Dibutyl phthalate is used as a plasticizer in polymers such as PVC, 14% is used in adhesives, 7% make their way into printing inks and the remaining 3% go into miscellaneous products.
Here is a list of the most common products that Dibutyl phthalate is found in:
Floor and wall coverings
Furnishings
Children’s toys
Car interiors
Clothing
Garden hoses
Cosmetics
Aerosol valves
Nail polish
In addition, Dibutyl phthalate can be added to paints and lacquers, adhesives and sealants, printing inks and more in order to improve their workability.
Use in Cosmetics:
Dibutyl phthalate is used mainly in nail products as a solvent for dyes and as a plasticizer that prevents nail polishes from becoming brittle.
Phthalates are also used as fragrance ingredients in many other cosmetics, but consumers won’t find these listed on the label.
Fragrance recipes are considered trade secrets, so manufacturers are not required to disclose fragrance chemicals in the list of ingredients (see also Fragrance/Parfum).
Dibutyl phthalate is also commonly used in polyvinyl chloride plastic (PVC) to render Dibutyl phthalate flexible.
Widespread uses by professional workers:
Dibutyl phthalate is used in the following products: metal working fluids, washing & cleaning products and laboratory chemicals.
Dibutyl phthalate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Dibutyl phthalate is used for the manufacture of: fabricated metal products, machinery and vehicles, rubber products, plastic products.
Release to the environment of Dibutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and formulation of mixtures.
Other release to the environment of Dibutyl phthalate is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid, outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment).
Uses at industrial sites:
Dibutyl phthalate is used in the following products: adsorbents, laboratory chemicals, polymers and explosives.
Dibutyl phthalate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Dibutyl phthalate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging and mining.
Dibutyl phthalate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, machinery and vehicles, plastic products, and fabricated metal products.
Release to the environment of Dibutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), in processing aids at industrial sites, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and in the production of articles.
Industry Uses:
Absorbent
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Plasticizer
Solvent
Consumer Uses:
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Plasticizer
Industrial Processes with risk of exposure:
Textiles (Fiber & Fabric Manufacturing)
Painting (Pigments, Binders, and Biocides)
Plastic Composites Manufacturing
Properties of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Dibutyl phthalate has the same core structure as phthalates DIDP and DINP, but with two shorter side chains.
The solution is oily and soluble in oil, alcohol, ether, benzene and sometimes water.
The purpose of adding Dibutyl phthalate to things like toys and plastics is to make them softer and more flexible.
What makes phthalates unique is that they can be released from the products that contain them, thus getting into the water and air supply.
Additional research is needed to determine the true effects of Dibutyl phthalate in the soil and waterways.
Physical Properties:
Dibutyl phthalate is an odorless and colorless to faint yellow oily liquid.
The chemical formula for dibutyl phthalate is C16H22O4, and the molecular weight is 278.35 g/mol.
The vapor pressure for dibutyl phthalate is 1.0 × 10-5 mm of Hg at 25 °C, and Dibutyl phthalate has a log octanol/water partition coefficient (log Kow) of 5.60.
Dibutyl phthalate is also known as di-n-butyl phthalate.
Production and Use of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Dibutyl phthalate is produced by the reaction of n-butanol with phthalic anhydride.
Dibutyl phthalate is an important plasticizer that enhances the utility of some major engineering plastics, such as PVC.
Such modified PVC is widely used in plumbing for carrying sewerage and other corrosive materials.
Manufacturing Methods of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Di-n-butyl phthalate can be manufactured via the esterification of phthalic acid with n-butyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst such as sulfuric acid or p-toluene sulfonic acid.
This reaction is generally performed at a temperature of 150 °C along with agitation.
Water from this process is either recovered for other operations or treated and discharged as waste water.
Di-n-butyl phthalate is finally purified by vacuum distillation and/or with activated charcoal.
General Manufacturing Information of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Industry Processing Sectors:
Adhesive Manufacturing
All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
Construction
Furniture and Related Product Manufacturing
Miscellaneous Manufacturing
Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable
Plastics Material and Resin Manufacturing
Plastics Product Manufacturing
Printing Ink Manufacturing
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing
Wholesale and Retail Trade
Degradation of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Hydrolysis of Dibutyl phthalate leads to phthalic acid and 1-butanol.
Monobutyl phthalate (MBP) is Dibutyl phthalate major metabolite.
Biodegradation:
Biodegradation by microorganisms represents one route for remediation of Dibutyl phthalate.
For example, Enterobacter species can biodegrade municipal solid waste—where the Dibutyl phthalate concentration can be observed at 1500 ppm—with a half-life of 2–3 hours.
In contrast, the same species can break down 100% of dimethyl phthalate after a span of six days.
The white rot fungus Polyporus brumalis degrades Dibutyl phthalate.
Dibutyl phthalate is leached from landfills.
Physical properties relevant to biodegradation:
As reflected by Dibutyl phthalate octanol-water partition coefficient of around 4, Dibutyl phthalate is lipophilic, which means that Dibutyl phthalate is not readily mobilized (dissolved by) water.
Nonetheless dissolved organic compounds (DOC) increase Dibutyl phthalate mobility in landfills.
Dibutyl phthalate has a low vapor pressure of 2.67 x 10−3 Pa.
Thus Dibutyl phthalate does not evaporate readily (hence Dibutyl phthalate utility as a plasticizer).
The Henry’s Law constant is 8.83 x 10−7 atm-m3/mol.
Legislation:
Dibutyl phthalate is also a putative endocrine disruptor.
European Union:
The use of Dibutyl phthalate in cosmetics, including nail polishes, is banned in the European Union under Directive 76/768/EEC 1976.
The use of Dibutyl phthalate has been restricted in the European Union for use in children’s toys since 1999.
An EU Risk Assessment has been conducted on Dibutyl phthalate and the final outcome has now been published in the EU Official Journal.
To eliminate a potential risk to plants in the vicinity of processing sites and workers through inhalation, measures are to be taken within the framework of the IPPC Directive (96/61/EC) and the Occupational Exposure Directive (98/24/EC) Also includes the 2004 addendum.
Based on urine samples from people of different ages, the European Commission Scientific Committee on Health and Environmental Risks (SCHER) concluded that total exposures to Dibutyl phthalate should be further reduced.
Under European Union Directive 2011/65/EU revision 2015/863, Dibutyl phthalate is limited to max 1000 ppm concentration in any homogenous material.
MeSH Pharmacological Classification of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Plasticizers:
Materials incorporated mechanically in plastics (usually PVC) to increase flexibility, workability or distensibility; due to the non-chemical inclusion, plasticizers leach out from the plastic and are found in body fluids and the general environment.
Human Metabolite Information of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Cellular Locations:
Membrane
Action Mechanism of Dibutyl Phthalate:
One proposed mechanism of testicular toxicity involves a disturbance in the interaction between germ cells and Sertoli cells.
The Sertoli cell-germ cell interaction is generally considered to be required for the differentiation of male germ cells and their progression through the seminiferous epithelium and release as mature spermatozoa.
Exposure to di-n-butyl phthalate is associated with both the release of iron from hemoglobin and/or transferrin in the liver and spleen, and the subsequent depletion of iron in the blood and testes.
The decreased amount of available iron results in a decrease in succinate dehydrogenase activity in the Sertoli cells, resulting in disturbances in the energy transfer system between Sertoli cells and germ cells; anoxia due to iron depletion and/or disturbances in the energy supply may induce the sloughing of germ cells.
Decreases in testicular sorbitol, fructose, and glucose levels have been observed in the testes 3-12 hours post exposure.
Two days after exposure, there were significant decreases in sorbitol dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase activities and decreases in testicular iron and zinc levels.
History of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Dibutyl phthalate was first synthesized in the early 20th century as part of a broader effort to develop flexible plastic materials for industrial use.
Dibutyl phthalate’s widespread adoption began in the 1920s and 1930s, when it became a key plasticizer in the production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), helping to revolutionize industries reliant on flexible and durable plastics.
By the mid-20th century, Dibutyl phthalate was commonly found in consumer products, including cosmetics, coatings, inks, and adhesives.
However, by the late 20th and early 21st centuries, scientific studies began to raise concerns about its potential health effects, particularly its role as an endocrine disruptor and reproductive toxicant.
This led to increased regulatory scrutiny, especially in Europe under the REACH legislation and in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
Consequently, Dibutyl phthalate’s use in personal care items and children’s products was restricted or banned in many regions, leading to a decline in demand in certain sectors and a gradual transition toward safer, non-phthalate alternatives.
Despite this, Dibutyl phthalate continues to hold industrial significance in regions with less stringent regulations.
Handling and Storage of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Handling:
Avoid contact with skin, eyes, and clothing.
Use only with adequate ventilation.
Do not breathe vapors or mists.
Avoid release into the environment.
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practices.
Storage:
Store in tightly closed containers in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated area.
Keep away from heat, sparks, flames, and incompatible materials (such as strong oxidizers).
Store at temperatures not exceeding 25 °C.
Protect from moisture and direct sunlight.
Reactivity and Stability of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Chemical Stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Hazardous Reactions:
No hazardous polymerization expected under normal conditions.
Incompatible Materials:
Strong oxidizing agents (e.g., nitric acid, peroxides), strong acids and bases.
Decomposition Products:
May produce carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and irritating or toxic fumes when heated or burned.
First Aid Measures of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Inhalation:
Remove person to fresh air.
Seek medical attention if symptoms persist.
Skin Contact:
Wash affected area with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Seek medical attention if irritation develops.
Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses if present and easy to do.
Seek medical attention.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
Do not induce vomiting unless instructed by medical personnel.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Firefighting Measures of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Foam, dry chemical, CO₂, or water spray (fog).
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media:
Do not use water jet, which may spread the fire.
Fire Hazards:
Combustible.
May emit toxic fumes under fire conditions.
Protective Equipment for Firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective clothing.
Accidental Release Measures of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Personal Precautions:
Evacuate area.
Avoid breathing vapors.
Use personal protective equipment.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent entry into sewers, waterways, or soil.
Notify authorities if product contaminates the environment.
Cleanup Methods:
Absorb with inert material (e.g., sand, earth).
Collect and dispose of according to local regulations.
Ventilate area and wash spill site.
Exposure Controls / Personal Protective Equipment of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL):
ACGIH TLV:
5 mg/m³ (inhalable fraction, TWA)
OSHA PEL:
Not established
Engineering Controls:
Use local exhaust ventilation to control airborne concentrations.
Eye wash stations and safety showers should be available.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Eye/Face Protection:
Safety goggles or face shield.
Skin Protection:
Chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile).
Body Protection:
Lab coat or coveralls.
Respiratory Protection:
If ventilation is inadequate, use NIOSH-approved respirator for organic vapors.
Identifiers of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Chemical Name: Dibutyl phthalate
CAS Number: 84-74-2
EC Number: 201-557-4
UN Number: UN 3082
HS Code: 2917.32.00
IUPAC Name: Dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
InChI: 1S/C16H22O4/c1-3-5-9-19-15(17)13-11-12-14(10-6-4-2)16(13)20-18/h11-12H,3-10H2,1-2H3
InChI Key: DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCCCOC(=O)c1ccccc1C(=O)OCCCC
PubChem CID: 3026
ChemSpider ID: 2919
RTECS Number: TI0350000
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₂₂O₄
Molecular Weight: 278.35 g/mol
Merck Index Number: 3113
Beilstein Reference: 1911570
KEGG Compound ID: C14465
UNII: 346O926998
EPA Registry Name: Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid, dibutyl ester
NSC Number: 40421
ECHA Substance Infocard ID: 100.001.228
Gmelin Number: 201972
Japan ENCS Number: 2-2219
China IECSC: Listed
TSCA Inventory Status (USA): Listed
DSL/NDSL (Canada): Listed on DSL
Australia AICS: Present
New Zealand NZIoC: Listed
South Korea KECI: KE-11301
Properties of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₂₂O₄
Molecular Weight: 278.35 g/mol
Appearance: Colorless to faintly yellow oily liquid
Odor: Slight aromatic or ester-like odor
Melting Point: -35 °C
Boiling Point: 340 °C (644 °F) at 101.3 kPa
Flash Point: 157 °C (Closed Cup)
Density: 1.045 g/cm³ at 25 °C
Refractive Index (n²⁰): 1.490–1.492
Vapor Pressure: 0.0002 mmHg at 25 °C
Solubility in Water: Slightly soluble (13–15 mg/L at 25 °C)
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Miscible with alcohols, ethers, and most organic solvents
Viscosity: 76.6 mPa·s at 25 °C
Log P (octanol/water): 4.5–4.8
pKa: Not applicable (does not ionize significantly)
Autoignition Temperature: ~400 °C
Explosive Limits: Not explosive
Surface Tension: ~38–40 dyn/cm at 25 °C
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions
Molecular Weight: 278.34
XLogP3: 4.7
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 10
Exact Mass: 278.15180918
Monoisotopic Mass: 278.15180918
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52.6 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 20
Complexity: 271
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Melting Point: -35°C
Color: Yellow
Boiling Point: 340°C
Specifications of Dibutyl Phthalate:
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow oily liquid
Purity (by GC): ≥ 99.0% (typically ≥ 99.5% for high-grade)
Acidity (as phthalic acid): ≤ 0.01%
Moisture Content (Karl Fischer): ≤ 0.1%
Color (APHA / Pt-Co): ≤ 30 (can be ≤ 15 for high purity grades)
Specific Gravity (25/25 °C): 1.041 – 1.047
Refractive Index (nᴅ²⁰): 1.488 – 1.492
Residue after Evaporation: ≤ 0.01%
Acid Value: ≤ 0.05 mg KOH/g
Flash Point (Closed Cup): ≥ 150 °C
Heavy Metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
Ash Content: ≤ 0.01%