DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE
DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE
Diisobutyl phthalate is a man-made organic compound belonging to the phthalate ester family, primarily used as a plasticizer to improve the flexibility and durability of plastics such as PVC.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a colorless to pale yellow oily liquid with a slight ester odor, insoluble in water but soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone, and benzene.
Diisobutyl phthalate is synthesized by esterification of phthalic anhydride with isobutanol and can serve as a cost-effective substitute for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in many industrial applications.
CAS Number: 84-69-5
EC Number: 201-553-2
Molecular Formula: C16H22O4
Molecular Weight: 278.35 g/mol
Synonyms: Bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, Diisobutyl phthalate, Di-iso-butyl phthalate, Di(i-butyl)phthalate, Diisobutyl ester of phthalic acid, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, Bis(2-methylpropyl)ester, Di(isobutyl) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, Isobutyl-O-phthalate, DIBP, DiBP, Palatinol IC, DIISOBUTYL PHTHALATE, 84-69-5, DIBP, Palatinol IC, Isobutyl phthalate, Phthalic Acid Diisobutyl Ester, Hexaplas M/1B, Kodaflex DIBP, Di-iso-butyl phthalate, Phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester, Di(i-butyl)phthalate, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, Diisobutylester kyseliny ftalove, NSC 15316, bis(2-methylpropyl) phthalate, isobutyl-o-phthalate, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, DTXSID9022522, di-2-methylpropyl phthalate, di-l-butyl phthalate (DIBP), IZ67FTN290, CHEBI:79053, NSC-15316, Hatcol DIBP, DTXCID602522, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di(2-methylpropyl) ester, Phthalic acid, bis-isobutyl ester, CAS-84-69-5, SMR000112470, di-isobutyl phthalate, CCRIS 6193, HSDB 5247, AI3-04278 (USDA), EINECS 201-553-2, BRN 2054802, UNII-IZ67FTN290, AI3-04278, Isobutyl phthalate (VAN), bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, EC 201-553-2, Diisobutyl phthalate, 99%, SCHEMBL42787, 4-09-00-03177 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), MLS000516002, MLS002152902, BIDD:ER0640, 1, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, CHEMBL1370662, HMS2269D07, NSC15316, Tox21_202429, Tox21_300612, MFCD00026480, AKOS015837516, Diisobutyl phthalate (ACD/Name 4.0), WLN: 1Y1&1OVR BVO1Y1&1, NCGC00091360-01, NCGC00091360-02, NCGC00091360-03, NCGC00091360-04, NCGC00254487-01, NCGC00259978-01, FT-0689059, NS00010605, P0298, Q162259, 1,2-bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, J-503794, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid di(2-methylpropyl) ester, Phthalic acid, bis-isobutyl ester 10 microg/mL in Cyclohexane, Diisobutyl phthalate, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, DIBP, Di(i-butyl)phthalate, Di-iso-butyl phthalate, Diisobutylester kyseliny ftalove [Czech], Hatcol DIBP, Hexaplas M/1B, Isobutyl phthalate, Kodaflex DIBP, Palatinol IC, Phthalic acid, diisobutyl ester, Phthaloyl dichloride, MFCD01861606, EINECS 201-553-2, Phthalyl chloride, bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, Phthalic dichloride, 1,2-Benzenedicarbonyl dichloride, tetraphthaloyl chloride, Phthalic acid dichloride, diisobutyl 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, di-l-butyl phthalate (DIBP), Diisobutyl phthalate, phthaloyl chloride, Phthalyl dichloride, benzene-1,2-dicarbonyl dichloride, Phthalic chloride, 1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid diisobutyl ester, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, AI3-04278, bisoflex DIBA, bisoflex DIBP, di(isobutyl) 1,2-benzenedicarboxylate, DIBP (=diisobutyl phthalate), diplast B, hatcol DIBP, hexaplas M 18, hexaplas M/1B, hexaplas MIB, isobutyl phthalate, jayflex DIBP, kodaflex DIBP, mollan L, phthalic acid diisobutyl ester, vestinol IB), DBP, ARALDITE RESIN, Butyl phthalate, N-BUTYL PHTHALATE, Dibutyl phthalate, Dibutyl-o-phthalate, Di-n-butyl phthalate, Dibutyl Phthalate(DBP), Diisobutyl Phthalate(DIBP), PHTHALIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER, Phthalic acid di-n-butyl ester, Dibutyl phthalate,abbreviation, PHTHALIC ACID DI-N-BUTYL ESTER, PHTHALIC ACID, BIS-BUTYL ESTER, dibutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate, O-BENZENEDICARBOXYLIC ACID DIBUTYL ESTER, Benzene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid di-n-butylester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, 1,2-bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, bis(2-methylpropyl) ester, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, di(2-methylpropyl) ester, Bis(2-methylpropyl) phthalate, Di-2-methylpropyl phthalate, DIBP, Diisobutyl phthalic acid, Hexaplas M/1B, Isobutyl phthalate,
Diisobutyl phthalate is an organic compound used as a plasticizer in the production of plastic and rubber.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a colorless, oily liquid with a slight odor.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester, which is a type of chemical compound derived from phthalic acid.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a clear liquid.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a colorless oily liquid with a slight ester odor.
Diisobutyl phthalate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 tonnes per annum.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.
Diisobutyl phthalate is oily colorless liquid with a slight ester odor.
Diisobutyl phthalate is an odorless plasticizer with the molecular formula C16H22O4.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.
Diisobutyl phthalate is soluble in ethanol, ether, acetone and benzene.
Diisobutyl phthalate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as benzoic acid esters.
These are ester derivatives of benzoic acid.
Diisobutyl phthalate is prepared by esterification process of isobutanol and phthalic anhydride.
Diisobutyl phthalate is an odorless plasticizer and has excellent heat and light stability.
Diisobutyl phthalate is the lowest cost plasticizer for cellulose nitrate.
Diisobutyl phthalate has lower density and freezing point than DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate has similar properties as dibutyl phthalate and can be used as a substitute for it.
Diisobutyl phthalate is an oily colorless liquid with a slight ester odor.
Diisobutyl phthalate is denser than water.
Diisobutyl phthalate is insoluble in water.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol.
Diisobutyl phthalate has a role as a plasticiser, a teratogenic agent and a PPAR modulator.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester and a diester.
Diisobutyl phthalate is functionally related to an isobutanol.
Diisobutyl phthalate is an odorless plasticizer and has excellent heat and light stability.
Diisobutyl phthalate is the lowest cost plasticizer for cellulose nitrate.
Diisobutyl phthalate has lower density and freezing point than dibutyl phthalate.
Diisobutyl phthalate can substitute dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in most, if not all, applications.
Since Diisobutyl phthalate is not chemically bound in the polymer matrix it may outgas or be released upon contact with fluids and fat.
In the environment Diisobutyl phthalate is degraded relatively fast.
Diisobutyl phthalate is compatible with PVC.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester having the structural formula C6H4(COOCH2CH(CH3)2)2.
Diisobutyl phthalate is formed by the esterification of isobutanol and phthalic anhydride.
When it comes to excretion, Diisobutyl phthalate is first converted into the hydrolytic monoester monoisobutyl phthalate (MIBP).
The primary excretory route is urine, with biliary excretion being noted in minor amounts.
Diisobutyl phthalate has lower density and freezing point than the related compound dibutyl phthalate (DBP).
Diisobutyl phthalate can be sold as a pure substance or as a component of mixtures with other phthalate plasticizers or chemicals.
Examples are dioctyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl-phthalate (DINP), or bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP).
Diisobutyl phthalate is a natural product found in Artemisia baldshuanica, Lythrum salicaria, and other organisms with data available.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a man-made organic compound belonging to the phthalate ester family, specifically classified as a dialkyl phthalate.
Diisobutyl phthalate is primarily used as a plasticizer—an additive that increases the flexibility, durability, and workability of plastics, particularly polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other polymeric materials.
Structurally, Diisobutyl phthalate is the diester of phthalic acid and isobutanol, with the molecular formula C₁₆H₂₂O₄ and a molecular weight of approximately 278.35 g/mol.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a colorless to faintly yellow oily liquid at room temperature, characterized by its low water solubility and high compatibility with many organic solvents such as alcohols, ketones, and ethers.
Diisobutyl phthalate shares similar chemical and physical properties with its isomer dibutyl phthalate (DBP), which it often replaces in industrial formulations due to regulatory restrictions on DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used across various sectors, including in adhesives, sealants, paints, lacquers, printing inks, and coatings.
In these applications, Diisobutyl phthalate acts as a softening agent, improving elasticity and spreadability.
Diisobutyl phthalate also finds limited use in personal care products and cosmetics, although this use has been significantly reduced due to toxicological concerns.
One of the main health concerns associated with Diisobutyl phthalate is its potential as an endocrine disruptor, especially its effects on the reproductive system.
Animal studies have shown that exposure to Diisobutyl phthalate can cause developmental and reproductive toxicity, including decreased sperm quality and fetal malformations.
Due to these findings, Diisobutyl phthalate is classified as a substance of very high concern (SVHC) under the European Union’s REACH regulation.
Diisobutyl phthalate’s use in children’s toys and products is restricted, and it is subject to authorization for use in the EU.
Environmentally, Diisobutyl phthalate poses a risk of long-term contamination as it can leach from plastic materials into soil, groundwater, and aquatic systems, where it may persist and bioaccumulate.
Diisobutyl phthalate has low acute toxicity but is considered a chronic hazard due to its bioactive metabolites.
Human exposure to Diisobutyl phthalate may occur via inhalation, dermal contact, or ingestion—especially from materials that release the compound into indoor air or food packaging.
Despite regulatory efforts to phase out certain phthalates, Diisobutyl phthalate continues to be used in industrial and manufacturing processes in regions with less stringent regulations.
Safer alternatives, such as adipates, citrates, and other non-phthalate plasticizers, are increasingly being adopted where possible.
Nonetheless, Diisobutyl phthalate remains a widely studied compound due to its widespread presence, environmental persistence, and potential human health implications.
Market Overview of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Diisobutyl phthalate is a commonly used plasticizer valued for its ability to impart flexibility and softness to polymers, especially polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and other thermoplastic materials.
Diisobutyl phthalate is structurally similar to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and is often used as a substitute for DBP in various formulations due to increasing regulatory restrictions on DBP in North America and the European Union.
Diisobutyl phthalate is primarily used in the manufacture of adhesives, sealants, lacquers, inks, coatings, and flexible plastics.
Key Drivers:
DBP Replacement:
Regulatory bans on DBP have led manufacturers to switch to Diisobutyl phthalate, especially in industrial coatings, sealants, and adhesives.
Industrial Demand:
Persistent demand in construction, automotive, and packaging industries, particularly in Asia-Pacific countries.
Low Production Cost:
Compared to newer non-phthalate plasticizers, Diisobutyl phthalate remains a cost-effective alternative for many applications where high toxicity thresholds are not exceeded.
Regional Insights:
Asia-Pacific:
The largest market for Diisobutyl phthalate, driven by rapid industrialization, especially in China and India.
Demand is strong in plastics and coating applications.
Europe and North America:
Demand is declining due to stringent environmental and health regulations under REACH and Proposition 65.
Diisobutyl phthalate is listed as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) in the EU.
Emerging Markets:
Continued use in Latin America, Africa, and parts of Southeast Asia due to less regulatory oversight.
Market Challenges:
Health Concerns:
Classified as a reproductive toxin and potential endocrine disruptor, limiting its use in consumer-facing and sensitive applications.
Regulatory Pressures:
Increasing scrutiny and substitution with safer alternatives are gradually reducing its long-term market potential.
Growing Demand for Green Alternatives:
Industries are shifting toward bio-based and non-phthalate plasticizers, which reduces Diisobutyl phthalate’s share in developed markets.
Despite its declining use in some sectors, Diisobutyl phthalate continues to play a significant role in industrial manufacturing, especially where cost efficiency outweighs regulatory constraints.
However, long-term growth prospects are modest due to environmental and public health concerns.
Uses of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Diisobutyl phthalate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polymers.
Other release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).
Release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, formulation of mixtures and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Other release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate is likely to occur from: indoor use, outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives), outdoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. tyres, treated wooden products, treated textile and fabric, brake pads in trucks or cars, sanding of buildings (bridges, facades) or vehicles (ships)) and indoor use in long-life materials with high release rate (e.g. release from fabrics, textiles during washing, removal of indoor paints).
Diisobutyl phthalate can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines) and electrical batteries and accumulators.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), metal (e.g. cutlery, pots, toys, jewellery), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture) and wood (e.g. floors, furniture, toys).
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polymers and adhesives and sealants.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and machinery and vehicles.
Release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).
Other release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in the following products: coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polymers.
Diisobutyl phthalate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Diisobutyl phthalate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in the production of articles.
Release to the environment of Diisobutyl phthalate can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a plasticizer in used in consumer products as a substitute ingredient to di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP) due to structural similarities.
Therefore, Diisobutyl phthalate’s presence in products may increase.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a plasticizer used in poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) plastic to increase flexibility.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be used replacement for dibutyl phthalate due to lower production costs.
Additionally, Diisobutyl phthalate can be used in applications such as ink, coatings, lacquers, and adhesives.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a diisobutyl phthalate.
Diisobutyl phthalate acts as a plasticizer.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be used as a replacement for dibutyl phthalate due to lower production costs.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in poly-vinyl chloride (PVC) plastic to increase flexibility.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used as plasticizer.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in paints, lacquers, and varnishes.
Diisobutyl phthalate is also used in the paper and pulp industry and to make boards, chemicals, polymers, adhesives, softeners, and viscosity adjusters.
Diisobutyl phthalate is prepared by esterification process of isobutanol and phthalic anhydride.
Diisobutyl phthalate is an odorless plasticizer and has excellent heat and light stability.
Diisobutyl phthalate is the lowest cost plasticizer for cellulose nitrate.
Diisobutyl phthalate has lower density and freezing point than DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate has similar properties as dibutyl phthalate and can be used as a substitute for it.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a colorless transparent oily liquid used as an alternative to DBP (Dibutyl Phthalate).
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in nitrocellulose and alkyd resin paints.
Diisobutyl phthalate is prepared by esterification process of isobutanol and phthalic anhydride.
Diisobutyl phthalate is an odorless plasticizer and has excellent heat and light stability.
Diisobutyl phthalate is the lowest cost plasticizer for cellulose nitrate.
Diisobutyl phthalate has lower density and freezing point than DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate has similar properties as dibutyl phthalate and can be used as a substitute for it.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a plasticizer that is used in nitrocellulose, alkyd resin paints, inks, coatings, lacquers, and adhesives.
Due to lower production costs, Diisobutyl phthalate is used as an alternative to DBP (Dibutyl Phthalate).
Diisobutyl phthalate is a plasticizer that is used with different polymers such as polyacrylate, poly acetate dispersions, cellulose acetate, nitrocellulose, polyurethane, and polyvinyl butyrate.
Diisobutyl phthalate often is used in combination with other phthalates.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used most of the time as a substitute for DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in the plasticization of PVC, the production of paints, printing inks, and adhesives.
Some of Diisobutyl phthalate uses include: Floorings, Paints, Industrial adhesives, Lacquers, Printing inks, Hydraulic fluids, and Lubricants.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in a variety of products, including food packaging, medical devices, and toys.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used as a plasticizer in the manufacture of flexible PVC products, such as wire and cable insulation, vinyl flooring, adhesives, and coatings.
Diisobutyl phthalate is also used in the production of lacquers, printing inks, and synthetic leather.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a Dialkyl phthalate ester phthalate plasticizer which can be used as a substitute of dibutyl phthalate.
Diisobutyl phthalate as well as other phthalates have genotoxic effects and studies shown an increase in its monoester metabolite in human urine over the years.
Diisobutyl phthalate is one of the main plasticizers in common use.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be used as plasticizer of cellulose resin, vinyl resin, NBR and chlorinated rubber.
Similar to Diisobutyl phthalate, it has excellent solubility, dispersibility and adhesion.
Diisobutyl phthalate has good compatibility with pigment.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be used for coloring film, artificial leather and plastic products.
Diisobutyl phthalate can also be used as softener of natural rubber and synthetic rubber to improve the resilience of products.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be used as a substitute for DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester that is the diester obtained by the formal condensation of the carboxy groups of phthalic acid with two molecules of isobutanol Diisobutyl phthalate is considered a specialty plasticizer that is too volatile for use in polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Diisobutyl phthalate is often combined with other phthalates.
Diisobutyl phthalate has good heat and light stability and has been used as a plasticizer for nitrocellulose (lowest cost plasticizer for cellulose nitrate), cellulose ether, and polyacrylate and polyacetate dispersions.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in nail polish, cosmetics, lubricants, floor carpets, tapestry, clothing treatments, rubber dentistry settings, as a fuel stabilizer, in leather varnishes and lacquers, as a concrete additive, as an adjusting agent for lead chromate paint pigments, explosive material, lacquer manufacturing, and methyl methacrylate applications.
Diisobutyl phthalate is also used in printing inks for paper and packaging.
Because Diisobutyl phthalate has similar properties as dibutyl phthalate, it can be used as a substitute for DBP.
Diisobutyl phthalate is mainly used as nitrocellulose, cellulose acetate, polyvinyl chloride and other plasticizers; General Chemical analysis reagents for gas chromatography stationary liquid.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used as solvents, pesticides, plasticizers.
Diisobutyl phthalate has similar properties as dibutyl phthalate and can be used as a substitute for it.
Diisobutyl phthalate is synthesized by chemical reaction of phthalic acid with iso-butyl alcohol.
Diisobutyl phthalate is a plasticizer with coagulating properties which was used with different polymers, e.g. poly acrylate, poly acetate dispersions, cellulose acetate, cellulose nitrate, ethyl cellulose, polyurethane, and polyvinyl butyrate.
In combination with other plasticizers Diisobutyl phthalate was applied as gellant in processing of so-called plastisols.
Diisobutyl phthalate is present for instance in floorings, adhesives, lacquers, inks, hydraulic fluids and lubricants.
Diisobutyl phthalate was used as marker in fuels for tax purposes and also in the production of titanium catalysers.
Diisobutyl phthalate can be used as a replacement for dibutyl phthalate due to lower production costs.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used in adhesives.
Diisobutyl phthalate may be used as a component in formulations of several products including adhesives, paints, coatings and lubricants.
This and other phthalates are used as plasticizers due to their flexibility and durability.
They are found in many industrial and personal products, such as lacquers, nail polish and cosmetics.
Industry uses:
Diisobutyl phthalate is used as a plasticizer additive in a range of plastic and rubber materials.
Diisobutyl phthalate has low volatility, which makes it ideal for use in products that require long-lasting flexibility, e.g. automotive parts, wire and cable insulation, and flooring.
Diisobutyl phthalate is dense and water-insoluble.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used as a plasticizer in food packaging materials, such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC) films and sheets.
Diisobutyl phthalate is also used in food contact materials, such as adhesives, coatings, and sealants.
Diisobutyl phthalate is used to improve the flexibility, durability, and transparency of these materials.
Compound Type of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Cosmetic Toxin
Ester
Ether
Household Toxin
Industrial/Workplace Toxin
Metabolite
Organic Compound
Phthalate
Plasticizer
Synthetic Compound
Alternative Parents of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Benzoyl derivatives
Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives
Carboxylic acid esters
Organooxygen compounds
Organic oxides
Hydrocarbon derivatives
Substituents of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Benzoate ester
Benzoyl
Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid ester
Carboxylic acid derivative
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Aromatic homomonocyclic compound
Actions Mechanism of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
PPARγ Pathway:
The effects of Diisobutyl phthalate exposure are mainly realized through its activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ).
PPARs are ligand-activated nuclear transcription factors, the family consists of PPARα, PPARβ/δ and PPARγ.
There are two isoforms of PPARγ, PPARγ2 is mainly present on cells in adipose tissue, whereas PPARγ1 is found on multiple cells like those in the gut, brain, blood vessels, and some immune and inflammatory cells.
Transcriptional regulation through PPARs requires the formation of a heterodimer with retinoid X receptor (RXR).
Upon activation by Diisobutyl phthalate this PPARγ/RXR heterodimer binds to a DNA sequence called the PPAR response element (PPRE).
Binding of the transcription factor to this response element can result in either up- or down-regulation of genes.
PPARγ is involved in lipid metabolism and storage as well as glucose metabolism through improving insulin sensitivity, so binding of Diisobutyl phthalate leads to altered leptin and insulin levels.
Diisobutyl phthalate also leads to a down-regulation of proteins involved in steroid production, resulting in higher levels of androgenic hormones.
Cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway:
Another type of pathway affected by Diisobutyl phthalate exposure is the cytokine-cytokine receptor pathway.
There are two pathways affected: the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF) and the prolactin receptor pathway, both of which affect spermatogenesis.
Environmental Reactions of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Diisobutyl phthalate can undergo various reactions that may impact the environment.
Examples include:
Hydrolysis:
Hydrolyzation of Diisobutyl phthalate can be done by enzymes, bacteria, and other microorganisms in the environment to form phthalic acid and isobutyl alcohol.
This can lead to the breakdown and the eventual degradation of Diisobutyl phthalate in the soil and water supply
Photodegradation:
Diisobutyl phthalate can undergo photodegradation by exposure to the sunlight.
This can lead to the formation of several degradation products, including phthalic acid, isobutyraldehyde, and other aldehydes.
Biodegradation:
Diisobutyl phthalate can be degraded by microorganisms in soil and in the water.
This can transform Diisobutyl phthalate into other compounds such as phthalic acid and various isobutyl alcohol derivatives.
Sorption:
Diisobutyl phthalate can adsorb or sorb onto soil and sediment particles, which can limit its mobility and availability for biological or chemical degradations and reactions.
Oxidation:
Diisobutyl phthalate can be oxidized in the presence of ozone or other reactive oxygen species.
The formation of various oxidation products, including aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids can be expected.
These reactions can impact the persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity in the environment and may have implications for human and ecosystem health.
Metabolism of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Upon entering circulation Diisobutyl phthalate is quickly metabolized and excreted through urine, with metabolites reaching peak concentrations 2–4 hours after administration.
The main metabolite of Diisobutyl phthalate is mono-isobutyl phthalate (MiBP), which makes up 70% of the excretion products.
MiBP can be oxidized to either 2OH-mono-isobutyl phthalate (2OH-MiBP) or 3OH-mono-isobutyl phthalate (3OH-MiBP), which make up 20% and 1% of the excretion products respectively.
These reactions are likely catalyzed by cytochrome P450 in the liver.
The ratio between MiBP and the oxidized metabolites changes depending on the amount of time that has passed since exposure.
The ratio between MiBP and 2OH-MiBP and that between MiBP and 3OH-MiBP show a similar trend.
With the ratios being high, around 20-30:1, shortly after exposure and dropping gradually as more time passes to rest around 2-5:1.
Therefore, a high ratio of oxidized metabolites to the monoester metabolite suggests that there was recent exposure to Diisobutyl phthalate, within a few hours of measuring, while a lower ratio suggests that there has been more time since exposure.
In addition to oxidation, MiBP can also undergo a glucuronidation reaction, resulting in the metabolite MiBP-glucuronide
Production of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Diisobutyl phthalate is produced through the esterification of phthalic anhydride with isobutanol in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid or p-toluenesulfonic acid.
This reaction is typically carried out at elevated temperatures between 140°C and 180°C, where water formed as a by-product is continuously removed to drive the reaction toward ester formation.
The crude product undergoes neutralization, washing, and vacuum distillation to remove unreacted alcohol and impurities, resulting in a purified, colorless to pale yellow oily liquid.
Diisobutyl phthalate production is relatively efficient, with high yields and minimal by-products, making it an attractive option in industrial applications.
However, due to the use of acid catalysts and organic solvents, appropriate environmental controls and waste management practices are essential to minimize ecological impact.
Synthesis of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Diisobutyl phthalate is synthesized via a classic esterification reaction between phthalic anhydride and isobutanol, forming the diester through acid catalysis.
This reaction is representative of the Fischer esterification mechanism and is commonly applied in industrial settings due to its simplicity and efficiency.
Reaction Equation:
Phthalic Anhydride + 2 Isobutanol → Diisobutyl Phthalate + Water
Synthesis Process:
Reactants:
Phthalic anhydride (C₈H₄O₃):
An aromatic anhydride derived from the oxidation of o-xylene.
Isobutanol (C₄H₁₀O):
A branched-chain primary alcohol.
Catalyst:
Typically sulfuric acid, methanesulfonic acid, or p-toluenesulfonic acid is used to catalyze the esterification.
Reaction Conditions:
The mixture is heated to 140–180°C under reflux.
A water-removing solvent such as xylene may be added to facilitate azeotropic distillation.
Water Removal:
The reaction generates water, which is continuously separated to shift the equilibrium toward product formation (Le Chatelier’s Principle).
Post-Treatment:
After the reaction is complete, the mixture is cooled.
Neutralization with a base (e.g., sodium carbonate) removes residual acid.
The product is washed, dried, and purified by vacuum distillation.
Final Product:
Diisobutyl phthalate is obtained as a high-purity, oily liquid, suitable for use in industrial applications such as plasticizers, adhesives, and coatings.
History of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Diisobutyl phthalate was first developed in the early to mid-20th century as part of the expanding class of phthalate esters used to meet the growing demand for flexible plastic materials.
As industrialization accelerated, particularly during and after World War II, plasticizers like Diisobutyl phthalate became crucial in the manufacturing of synthetic polymers such as polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
Diisobutyl phthalate gained popularity due to its structural similarity to dibutyl phthalate (DBP), offering comparable plasticizing properties with slight differences in volatility and performance in specific formulations.
By the latter half of the 20th century, Diisobutyl phthalate was widely adopted in applications including coatings, adhesives, inks, and flexible plastics, especially where cost efficiency and compatibility with resins were priorities.
However, as scientific understanding of chemical exposure risks evolved, Diisobutyl phthalate came under scrutiny due to its potential endocrine-disrupting effects and reproductive toxicity, particularly in animal models.
In response, regulatory authorities such as the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) classified Diisobutyl phthalate as a Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC) under the REACH Regulation, alongside other phthalates like DBP and DEHP.
Since the 2000s, the use of Diisobutyl phthalate in consumer products, especially children’s toys and cosmetics, has been increasingly restricted or phased out in many countries.
Nonetheless, Diisobutyl phthalate remains in use in some industrial applications, particularly in regions with less stringent chemical safety regulations.
Ongoing efforts to replace Diisobutyl phthalate with safer, non-phthalate alternatives reflect both environmental awareness and regulatory pressure, though Diisobutyl phthalate’s historical importance in plasticizer chemistry remains significant.
Handling And Storage of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Advice on safe handling:
Work under hood.
Hygiene measures:
Immediately change contaminated clothing.
Apply preventive skin protection.
Wash hands and face after working with substance.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Keep in a well-ventilated place.
Keep locked up or in an area accessible only to qualified or authorized persons.
Stability and Reactivity of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Chemical stability:
Diisobutyl phthalateis chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
First Aid Measures of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
If inhaled:
Fresh air.
Call in physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with water/ shower.
Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
If swallowed:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No data available
Fire Fighting Measures of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Water
Foam
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Dry powder
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
Accidental Release Measures of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up carefully with liquid-absorbent material.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protection of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection
Safety glasses
Skin protection:
required
Body Protection:
protective clothing
Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type:
Filter type ABEK
Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains
Identifiers of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Chemical Name: Diisobutyl phthalate
Synonyms: DIBP, 1,2-Benzenedicarboxylic acid, diisobutyl ester
IUPAC Name: Diisobutyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
CAS Number: 84-69-5
EC Number (EINECS): 201-553-2
UN Number (Transport): UN 3082 (Environmentally hazardous substance)
Molecular Formula: C₁₆H₂₂O₄
Molecular Weight: 278.35 g/mol
InChI: 1S/C16H22O4/c1-5-11(6-2)19-15(17)13-9-10-14(12-7-3-4-8-12)16(13)20-18-11/h9-11H,5-8H2,1-4H3
InChI Key: WQXBXGQAGMIRDC-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CC(C)COC(=O)c1ccccc1C(=O)OCC(C)C
PubChem CID: 6781
ChemSpider ID: 6523
UNII (FDA): JSD8R2DJWI
RTECS Number: TI1575000
Beilstein Reference: 1913363
Merck Index Number: 3109
KEGG Compound ID: C19577
EPA CompTox Dashboard (DSSTox ID): DTXSID5022042
ECHA (REACH SVHC): Listed as Substance of Very High Concern (SVHC)
FDA UNII: JSD8R2DJWI
Japan ENCS Number: 2-2218
China IECSC: Listed
Canada DSL/NDSL: Listed on DSL
Australia AICS: Listed
South Korea KECI: KE-11302
New Zealand NZIoC: Listed
Gmelin Number: 201949
NIOSH Registry Name: Diisobutyl phthalate
HS Code: 2917.32.00
Storage Condition: 2-8°C
Sensitive: Easily absorbing moisture
Explosive Limit: 0.47%, 236°F
Refractive Index: n20/D 1.492(lit.)
MDL: MFCD00009441
Chemical Formula: C16H22O4
Average Molecular Mass: 278.344 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 278.152 g/mol
CAS Registry Number: 84-69-5
IUPAC Name: 1,2-bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
Traditional Name: diisobutyl phthalate
SMILES: CC(C)COC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(C)C
InChI Identifier: InChI=1S/C16H22O4/c1-11(2)9-19-15(17)13-7-5-6-8-14(13)16(18)20-10-12(3)4/h5-8,11-12H,9-10H2,1-4H3
InChI Key: InChIKey=MGWAVDBGNNKXQV-UHFFFAOYSA-N
Properties of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Molecular Weight: 278.34 g/mol
XLogP3: 4.1
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 8
Exact Mass: 278.15180918 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 278.15180918 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 52.6Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 20
Complexity: 290
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Viscosity:
Viscosity, kinematic: 13,96 mm2/s at 40 °C
Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility 0,02 g/l at 20 °C – slightly soluble
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water:
log Pow: 4,11 at 20 °C
Vapor pressure: 0,11 hPa at 100 °C
Density: 1,039 g/cm3 at 25 °C – lit.
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available
Melting Point: -64 °C
Boiling Point: 295.3±8.0 °C at 760 mmHg
Flash Point: 153.9±7.9 °C
Molecular Formula: C16H22O4
Molecular Weight: 278.344
Density: 1.0±0.1 g/cm3
Molecular Formula: C16H22O4
IUPAC name: bis(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
Cas Number: 84-69-5
Molecular weight: 278.34 g/mol
Density: 1.039 g/mL
Boiling Point: 320 °C
Flashpoint: 185 °C
Specifications of Diisobutyl Phthalate:
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow oily liquid
Purity (by GC): ≥ 99.0% (often ≥ 99.5% for high-purity grades)
Acidity (as phthalic acid): ≤ 0.01%
Moisture Content (Karl Fischer): ≤ 0.1%
Color (APHA / Pt-Co): ≤ 30 (some grades ≤ 15)
Density (25°C): 1.042 – 1.047 g/cm³
Refractive Index (nᴅ²⁰): 1.488 – 1.492
Flash Point (Closed Cup): ≥ 160 °C
Boiling Point: 320 – 330 °C
Ash Content: ≤ 0.01%
Residue on Evaporation: ≤ 0.01%
Heavy Metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm
Acid Value: ≤ 0.05 mg KOH/g
Viscosity at 25°C: ~15–20 mPa·s