POLYDADMAC
POLYDADMAC
PolyDADMAC is a high charge density cationic polymer that is effective in flocculating, decolouring, killing algae, and removing organics such as humus in water treatment.
PolyDADMAC is a cationic polyelectrolyte used in the water clarification process, but residues in treated water can react with chlorine to produce a carcinogenic compound, posing a health risk.
Globally, the demand for PolyDADMAC is expected to witness healthy growth during the forecast period, driven by increasing demand for PolyDADMAC in water purification.
CAS Number: 26062-79-3
EC Number: 230-993-8
Chemical Formula: (C8H16NCl)n
Synonyms: PolyDADMAC, Poly Diallyldimethyl Ammonium Chloride, Poly (Dimethyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride)(PolyDADMAC), (C8H16ClN)n, 26062-79-3, Poly(Dimethyl Diallyl Ammonium Chloride);, PolyDADMAC, PDADMAC, Poly DMDAAC, Poly DMDAC, PDDA, polyquaternium-6, quaternium-40, diallyl dimethyl-, chloride, N, N-dimethyl-N-2-propenyl, chloride homopolymer, CLEARFLOCK-L PolyDADMAC, Poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (20%), Poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (25%), Poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (30%), Poly (diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride) (35%)
PolyDADMAC is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride.
PolyDADMACs are organic polymers used in water and waste water treatment.
PolyDADMAC is usually delivered as a liquid concentrate having a solids level in the range of 10 to 50%.
The molecular weight of PolyDADMAC is typically in the range.
PolyDADMACs are organic polymers used in water and waste water treatment.
Organic coagulants like PolyDADMACs are used alone or in conjunction with metallic aluminum coagulants like Aluminum Chlorohydrate, Alum to enhance performance as well as to meet stringent environmental guidelines.
PolyDADMAC also commonly polyquaternium-6, is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC).
The molecular weight of PolyDADMAC is typically in the range of hundreds of thousands of grams per mole, and even up to a million for some products.
PolyDADMAC is usually delivered as a liquid concentrate having a solids level in the range of 10 to 50%.
PolyDADMAC is a high charge density cationic polymer.
The charge density makes PolyDADMAC well suited for flocculation.
PolyDADMAC is a homopolymer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC).
PolyDADMAC has a molecular weight of hundreds of thousands to a million grams per mole, depending on PolyDADMAC.
PolyDADMAC is usually given as a liquid concentrate with a solids content ranging from 10% to 50%.
PolyDADMAC’s a polymer with cationic properties.
Because of PolyDADMAC charge density, PolyDADMAC is prone to flocculation.
PolyDADMAC is most commonly obtained as a hydrate.
PolyDADMAC’s, which are generally used in the removal of turbidity, AKM and TDS in drinking water treatment plants, do not pose any risk in terms of the process since the toxicity values of the free monomers remaining in the water in the treatment process are very low.
Although the pollution removal efficiency is better than the conventional wastewater treatment chemicals, PolyDADMAC also reduces the sludge volume formed in the sedimentation tanks to a certain extent.
Therefore, sludge dewatering and disposal costs are reduced.
PolyDADMAC is a cationic polyelectrolyte used in the water clarification process.
However, PolyDADMAC residues in treated water pose a health risk as they react with chlorine to produce a carcinogenic compound.
There is a need to determine the concentration of the polyelectrolyte cations that pass through the flocculation stage before the chlorine disinfection process in water treatment plants to ascertain the safety of water to consumers.
PolyDADMAC is UV inactive, and previously available methods for determining the concentrations of polyelectrolytes are unsatisfactory due to poor detection limits.
PolyDADMAC is a cationic liquid used as a flocculant in water treatment plants.
PolyDADMAC flocculation property is due to high charge density which promotes the agglomeration of suspended particles making PolyDADMAC very effective in flocculating, decolouring, killing algae and removing organics such as humus.
PolyDADMAC has been widely used in the treatment of drinking and wastewater due to PolyDADMAC advantages over inorganic coagulants such as alum and iron salts.
Particles of all sizes and from different origins including colloids are present in all virtually raw waters, and they are a major cause of objectionable turbidity, colour, taste and odour in drinking water.
Due to the size of some particles suspended in water, they are impossible to settle and thus would require coagulation.
The application of chemical coagulant is done to aid in the clarification to eliminate colloidal particles.
Coagulation is a chemical and physical process wherein collisions between colloidal particles and coagulant chemicals result in their cohesion and eventual sedimentation as agglomerates.
The mechanism involves neutralization of negative charges on the colloidal particles’ surface resulting to the attraction of the now neutral particles by the coagulant to produce spongy masses called flocs.
In South African water treatment processes, about 75 % of flocculants used are PolyDADMAC and epichlorohydrin-dimethylamine (epi-DMA).
The use of such large quantities of polyelectrolytes results in residues of the unreacted polyelectrolytes in the treated water.
The polycation, PolyDADMAC, reacts with chlorine to form N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA).
PolyDADMAC of this reaction is a human carcinogen and has been found to occur in drinking water.
Due to PolyDADMAC toxicity (through the formation of NDMA), there is a need to determine the levels of the polycation, with the intention to remove all dissolved polycation after the clarification process and before chlorine disinfectation process for the safety of consumers.
However, there is a challenge in detecting the residual amounts of the coagulants in the final treated waters owing to their weak UV absorbing chromophores.
The current methods used for measuring residual organic polyelectrolytes in potable water such as potentiometric and colloidal titration are inadequate, making them unreliable for monitoring PolyDADMAC in drinking water at trace levels due to poor detection limits, time consuming and lack of reproducibility.
To overcome the challenge, this study considered the possibility of introducing groups that are UV–Vis sensitive within the chemical structure of PolyDADMAC and then analyse PolyDADMAC by UV–Vis spectroscopy.
The aim of the study was to develop a method to quantify the polycation at trace levels using UV–Vis method.
This was done by forming an epoxide upon treating the polycation with strongly basic solution of hydrogen peroxide.
PolyDADMAC Market Overview:
PolyDADMAC Market is forecast to reach $398 Million by 2026, after growing at a CAGR of 3.2% during 2021-2026.
Globally, the demand for PolyDADMAC is expected to witness healthy growth during the forecast period driven by increasing demand for PolyDADMAC in water purification.
The water treated using PolyDADMAC is not 100% purified although due to PolyDADMAC advantages all the other minor issues are been ignored.
Therefore, PolyDADMAC water treatment is the choice for most water and wastewater treatment applications in low cost which increases the market demand.
Covid-19 outbreak:
As a result of the lockdown and numerous other production issues, the demand for PolyDADMAC in the water purification, pulp and paper industry has decreased sharply, tending to limit the use of PolyDADMAC, thus constraining market growth over the projected period.
PolyDADMAC Market Segment Analysis – By Form:
Liquid form held the largest share in the PolyDADMAC Market in 2020. PolyDADMAC is a liquid cationic polymer of distinct molecular weight that acts efficiently in a wide range of industries as primary coagulants and charge neutralization agents in liquid-solid separation processes.
PolyDADMAC is used mainly in the method of paper production, cloth dyeing and finishing.
PolyDADMAC is usually supplied as a liquid form with a volume in the range of 10 to 50 percent.
PolyDADMAC liquid form has high charge density and PolyDADMAC is a cationic polymer.
Due to PolyDADMAC charge density rate, PolyDADMAC is well suited for flocculation, which increases the market growth.
PolyDADMAC Market Segment Analysis – By Application:
Water purification segment has dominated the PolyDADMAC Market in 2020 and is growing at a CAGR of 5.5% during the forecast period 2021-2026.
In addition, the demand for water purification in developing countries is fueled by increase in availability of safe water by municipalities and upsurge in the number of water treatments.
PolyDADMAC is a preferably used in water purification as a coagulant.
The PolyDADMAC is an organic polymer and can extract natural organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids at high concentrations, resulting in less precursors of the byproduct of disinfection and less pigment and used in handling of sewage and waste water.
PolyDADMAC is also used in filtration applications for flocculant goods in combination.
In several processes of water treatment clarification, these PolyDADMAC are highly efficient.
Chemical coagulants such as PolyDADMAC are used to boost efficiency and to conform with specific environmental standards alone or in combination to metallic aluminium coagulants such as ACH, Alum.
PolyDADMAC provides a broader impurity removal range where traditional metallic coagulants can fail.
Increasing demand for water purification propels the demand for PolyDADMAC.
PolyDADMAC Market Segment Analysis – By Geography:
Europe dominated the PolyDADMAC Market share with more than 39.2% in 2020, followed by APAC and North America.
Due to the growing demand for PolyDADMAC from the water purification, pulp and paper industry, the medical industry in the region, PolyDADMAC was projected to grow further.
Indonesia is a main supplier of raw materials to numerous producers in Europe and therefore exports to European manufacturers a large quantity of raw materials, such as PolyDADMAC.
Indonesia PolyDADMAC market is projected to expand dramatically as the consumer demand for water purification from different consumer goods rises.
PolyDADMAC is expected that increasing investments from different international corporations would be a key factor in increasing production potential.
In emerging economies such as India and China, rapid industrialization, coupled with the expanding paper and pulp industries, is expected to be the main factor in the growth of the country.
In the next few years, the increase in foreign direct investment in India is also expected to lead to business growth.
Uses of PolyDADMAC:
PolyDADMAC was notable because PolyDADMAC was water soluble, unlike other synthetic polymers made at the time by polymerization of monomers with various vinyl functionalities.
In 2002, NMR research were performed to determine the structure and reaction pathway.
PolyDADMAC’s Applications include:
When compared to inorganic coagulants, PolyDADMAC is a prominent organic coagulant used in wastewater treatment to neutralize negatively charged colloidal particles and reduce sludge volume.
PolyDADMAC improves pitch and latex fixation from mechanical pulp and coated broken.
PolyDADMAC is used to improve retention and dewatering in a paper mill’s short circulation.
PolyDADMAC can also be used to improve the performance of disk filters and flotators, as well as to cationize fillers for better retention
Applications of PolyDADMAC:
Effluent treatment:
PolyDADMAC is used in waste water treatment as a primary organic coagulant which neutralizes negatively charged colloidal material and reduces sludge volume compared with inorganic coagulants.
Pulp and paper industry:
PolyDADMAC is used for controlling disturbing substances in the papermaking process.
PolyDADMAC provides superior fixing of pitch from mechanical pulp and of latex from coated broke.
PolyDADMAC is used in the short circulation of a paper mill to enhance retention and dewatering.
In addition, PolyDADMAC can be used to improve the efficiency of disk filters and flotators, and for cationization of fillers to provide maximal filler retention.
Water purification:
PolyDADMAC is used as a coagulant in water purification.
PolyDADMAC is effective in coagulating and flocculating inorganic and organic particles such as silt, clay, algae, bacteria and viruses.
At high concentrations the organic polymer can remove natural organic matter such as humic and fulvic acids resulting in fewer disinfection byproduct precursors and less color.
Features of PolyDADMAC:
PolyDADMAC provides AKM and organic matter removal.
PolyDADMAC is effective in removing organic dyestuffs.
PolyDADMAC is used in sludge dewatering.
PolyDADMAC is used as a flocculating agent before the drinking water filter.
PolyDADMAC is used in textile dyeing as a formaldehyde-free dye fixing agent.
PolyDADMAC is used by diluting as a solution or by dosing directly into water.
Benefits of PolyDADMAC:
High performance PolyDADMAC based cationic coagulant
Ideal for potable and non-potable raw water clarification
Primary and secondary effluent clarification
Oily wastewater clarification
Enhanced organics removal
Removal of organic colour
Filtration
Lime softening
Sludge dewatering
Excellent as a partial replacement for inorganic salts
24 month shelf life
Properties of PolyDADMAC:
DADMAC formulation is a high purity, quaternary ammonium salt monomer of water-soluble, high effciency, positively cha rged ions.
Molecular formula C8H16NCl, molecular weight 161.5.
PolyDADMAC molecular structure contains alkyl double bonds, which may form line r homopolymer and various kinds of copolymer through various kinds of polymer reactions.
Features of DADMAC are that under normal tempe ature, PolyDADMAC is quite stable, unhydrolyzed, nonflammable with small excitability to skin and low toxicity.
PolyDADMAC also commonly polyquaternium-6, is a homopoly mer of diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC).
The molecular weight of PolyDADMAC is typically in the range of hundreds of thie usands of grams per mole, and even up to a million for some products.
PolyDADMAC is usually delivered as a liquid concentrate having a solids l vel in the range of10 to 50%.
PolyDADMAC is a high charge density cationic polymer.
The charge density makes PolyDADMAC well suited for flocculation.
Synthesis of PolyDADMAC:
The monomer DADMAC is formed by reacting two equivalents of allyl chloride with dimethylamine.
PolyDADMAC is then synthesized by radical polymerization of DADMAC with an organic peroxide used as a catalyst.
Two polymeric structures are possible when polymerizing DADMAC: N-substituted piperidine structure or N-substituted pyrrolidine structure.
The pyrrolidine structure is favored.
Manufacturing of PolyDADMAC:
The monomer DADMAC is made by reacting two equivalents of allyl chloride with dimethylamine.
To make PolyDADMAC, DADMAC is radically polymerized with an organic peroxide as a catalyst.
Two polymeric structures are available when polymerizing DADMAC: N-substituted piperidine and Nsubstituted pyrrolidine.
The most common structure is pyrrolidine.
History of PolyDADMAC:
PolyDADMAC polymers were first prepared and studied in 1957 by Professor George Butler at the University of Florida.
PolyDADMAC was remarkable as PolyDADMAC was soluble in water in contrast at the time to other known synthetic polymers formed by polymerization of monomers containing more than one vinyl functionality.
The structure and reaction path was determined in 2002 with NMR studies.
Handling and Storage of PolyDADMAC:
Handling:
Avoid direct contact with skin and eyes. Use appropriate PPE (gloves, safety goggles).
Use in a well-ventilated area to avoid inhalation of vapors or dust (if in powdered form).
Avoid generating aerosols.
Wash hands thoroughly after handling.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight.
Keep containers tightly closed to prevent contamination and evaporation.
Store away from strong oxidizing agents and acids, which may react with the product.
PolyDADMAC solutions should be stored at moderate temperatures (ideally between 5°C and 30°C) to prevent degradation.
Stability and Reactivity of PolyDADMAC:
Stability:
PolyDADMAC is generally stable under normal conditions of storage and use.
Avoid extreme temperatures (freezing or overheating), which could degrade the polymer.
Reactivity:
Reacts with strong oxidizing agents, which can cause decomposition.
Incompatible with anionic (negatively charged) substances, which may reduce its effectiveness.
Safety of PolyDADMAC:
On certain amounts, PolyDADMAC is generally considered safe.
However, prolonged exposure to PolyDADMAC may be irritating to eyes, skin, and respiratory system.
When handling PolyDADMAC, proper industrial hygiene measures should be implemented.
First Aid Measures of PolyDADMAC:
Inhalation:
If inhaled, move the person to fresh air.
If breathing is difficult, seek medical attention immediately.
Skin Contact:
Wash affected area with soap and water.
Remove contaminated clothing.
Seek medical advice if irritation persists.
Eye Contact:
Rinse eyes immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, lifting upper and lower eyelids.
Seek medical attention if irritation continues.
Ingestion:
Do not induce vomiting unless directed by medical personnel.
Rinse mouth with water.
Seek medical attention immediately.
Firefighting Measures of PolyDADMAC:
Extinguishing Media:
Use water spray, foam, dry chemical, or carbon dioxide (CO2) to extinguish the fire.
Special Hazards:
PolyDADMAC itself is not highly flammable, but it may decompose under high heat, releasing toxic fumes like nitrogen oxides (NOx) and hydrogen chloride (HCl).
Protective Equipment:
Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear to prevent exposure to toxic fumes.
Accidental Release Measures of PolyDADMAC:
Personal Precautions:
Use appropriate PPE, including gloves, safety goggles, and protective clothing.
Avoid breathing in vapors or dust.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent the product from entering waterways, drains, or soil.
Cleanup Methods:
For liquid spills:
Contain and absorb the spill with inert materials (e.g., sand, earth).
For solid spills:
Sweep up and place in a suitable container for disposal.
Clean the affected area with water after material pickup.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of PolyDADMAC:
Exposure Controls:
Ensure adequate ventilation, particularly in enclosed areas.
Use local exhaust ventilation if necessary.
Personal Protective Equipment:
Respiratory Protection:
Not typically required under normal conditions of use but use a respirator if handling in a confined space or generating aerosols.
Hand Protection:
Wear chemical-resistant gloves (e.g., nitrile or neoprene).
Eye Protection:
Use safety goggles or face shields.
Skin and Body Protection:
Wear long-sleeved clothing or lab coats to minimize skin exposure.
Identifiers of PolyDADMAC:
CAS Number: 26062-79-3
ChemSpider: None
ECHA InfoCard: 100.130.940
EC Number: 230-993-8
PubChem CID: 33286
UNII: YFL33X52PX
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID8035714
Chemical Name: Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)
CAS Number: 26062-79-3
EC Number: 607-782-5
Properties of PolyDADMAC:
Chemical formula: (C8H16NCl)n
Molar mass: Variable
Solubility in water: Soluble
Form: Liquid
Colour: Clear
Odour: Slight
Charge: Very High
pH: 5 – 7
Specific gravity: 1.08 – 1.09
Freezing point: – 3oC
Water solubility: Completely miscible
Flash point: Does not flash
Molecular Weight: 161.673 g / mol
Hydrogen Dependent Donor Number: 0
Hydrogen Bond Recipients: 1
Number of Rotatable Bonds: 4
Complexity: 91.1
Topological Polar Surface Area: 0 A ^ 2
Monoisotopic Mass: 161.097 g / mol
Full Mass: 161.097 g / mol
Compound Canonicalized: true
Official Charge: 0
Heavy Atomic Number: 10
Defined Atomic Stereocenter Number: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Number: 0
Defined Bono Stereocenter Number: 0
Number of Undetermined Bond Stereocenter: 0
Isotope Atomic Number: 0
Number of Covalently Linked Units: 2
Specifications of PolyDADMAC:
Appearance: Amber Liquid
Solid Matter: 50-60% (110℃, 2 hours)
Density: 1.05-1.10 g/cm3
pH (5% Sol): 5-8
Viscosity: 800-3300cps
Names of PolyDADMAC:
Other names:
Poly(dimethyldiallylammonium chloride); Polyquaternium-6