POLYSORBATE 85
POLYSORBATE 85
Polysorbate 85 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier made by combining sorbitan (a sugar alcohol) with oleic acid (a fatty acid) and ethoxylating it with 20 moles of ethylene oxide.
Polysorbate 85 is widely used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food products, and drug delivery systems to stabilize emulsions, improve solubility, and enhance texture and spreadability.
Polysorbate 85 has a high HLB value (around 13-14), making it effective for stabilizing oil-in-water emulsions and ensuring the uniform blending of hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds.
CAS Number: 9005-70-3
EC Number: 618-422-4
Molecular Formula: CH4
Molecular Weight: 16.04246
Synonyms: polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitaltrioleate, protasorbto-20, sorbimacrogoltrioleate300, sorbitan,trioleatepolyoxyethylenederiv., tri-9-octadecenoate,poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)derivs.,(z,z,z)-sorbita, tri-9-octadecenoate,poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl)derivs.,(Z,Z,Z)-Sorbitan, Polyethylene glycol sorbitan trioleate, Polyoxyethylene sorbitantrioleate, Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate, Polyoxyethylenesorbitan Trioleate
Polysorbate 85 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier commonly used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Polysorbate 85 is part of the polysorbate family, which are derived from sorbitol and fatty acids, typically from vegetable oils.
Polysorbate 85 is specifically created by esterifying sorbitol with polyoxyethylene and is typically used in formulations to stabilize emulsions, allowing oil and water to blend together.
Polysorbate 85 is known for its mildness and ability to improve the texture and spreadability of products.
Polysorbate 85 is commonly found in products like creams, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup, as well as in vaccines, oral medications, and food products, where it helps in improving the solubility of ingredients.
Polysorbate 85 is often chosen for its ability to work well with both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, ensuring uniformity in product consistency.
Polysorbate 85, is a nonionic emulsifier and surfactant and used in cosmetics and foods.
Polysorbate 85 is a polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate non-ionic surfactant.
Polysorbate 85 is a mixture of oleate esters of sorbitol and sorbitol anhydrides, consisting predominantly of the triester, condensed with approximately 20 moles of ethylene oxide.
Polysorbate 85 can be used in agricultural products like fertilizers and plant growth regulators to help ensure that the active ingredients are uniformly dispersed and adhere to plant surfaces for better efficacy.
Polysorbate 85 is employed in nanotechnology and drug delivery systems to help solubilize drugs and enhance their absorption, including in liposomal and micellar systems.
These delivery systems can target specific areas within the body, such as tumor sites, improving therapeutic outcomes.
Polysorbate 85 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier made by combining sorbitan (a sugar alcohol) with oleic acid (a fatty acid) and ethoxylating it with 20 moles of ethylene oxide.
Ungraded products supplied by Spectrum are indicative of a grade suitable for general industrial use or research purposes and typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.
Polysorbate 85 is part of the Polysorbate group, which includes several different sorbitan esters and ethylene oxide derivatives used in various industrial and consumer applications.
Polysorbate 85 refers to the ethylene oxide (EO) groups attached to the sorbitan backbone.
In the case of Polysorbate 85, it specifically has 20 ethylene oxide units.
Polysorbate 85 is formed when sorbitan is esterified with oleic acid (a monounsaturated fatty acid found in animal and vegetable fats).
Polysorbate 85 has a relatively high HLB value (around 13-14), which means it is more effective as an emulsifier in formulations that require the blending of water and oil.
Polysorbate 85 is generally considered to be safe when used in concentrations approved by regulatory authorities (such as the FDA for food and cosmetics).
However, in some individuals, Polysorbate 85 may cause mild skin irritation or allergic reactions, especially in higher concentrations.
Polysorbate 85 is not typically considered toxic or hazardous under normal conditions of use.
The HLB of Polysorbate 85 is around 13–14, indicating its effectiveness as a highly hydrophilic emulsifier, which helps stabilize oil-in-water emulsions.
Polysorbate 85 is first esterified with oleic acid (C18H34O2) to form sorbitan trioleate, a fatty acid ester.
The sorbitan ester is then subjected to ethoxylation, where it reacts with ethylene oxide (C2H4O) to form Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate.
The number 20 refers to the average number of ethylene oxide units attached to the sorbitan backbone.
Polysorbate 85 is soluble in water and is also soluble in a variety of organic solvents such as alcohols, oils, and organic esters.
Polysorbate 85 high solubility in water is a key feature that makes it effective for emulsifying a range of oil-based substances into water-based solutions.
Polysorbate 85 is used in baked goods, confectioneries, and dairy products to ensure smooth texture, prevent ingredient separation, and improve mouthfeel.
Polysorbate 85 enhances the dispersion of flavoring agents, colors, and emulsified fats in food products.
In some cases, Polysorbate 85 helps mimic the properties of fats, providing a creamy texture without the need for actual fat, making products more low-fat or light.
Helps to solubilize active ingredients like fragrances and oils, ensuring they remain uniformly mixed with the rest of the formula.
Provides a smooth, consistent texture, and prevents the formulation from separating over time.
Polysorbate 85 enhances the spreadability of the products on the skin.
Polysorbate 85 is used to emulsify oils, making it easier to remove makeup without irritation.
In topical formulations, Polysorbate 85 can help in the delivery of poorly soluble drugs by enhancing their dissolution in the formulation, making it easier for the body to absorb the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
Helps to solubilize hydrophobic drug molecules and stabilizes emulsions or suspensions in injectable solutions.
In liquid pharmaceutical preparations, Polysorbate 85 helps maintain a uniform distribution of the active drug, preventing it from settling or separating.
As an emulsifier in pesticide formulations, Polysorbate 85 helps to improve the distribution and penetration of the pesticide into plant tissues.
In herbicides, Polysorbate 85 aids in the mixing of oil-based active ingredients with water, improving the efficacy and coverage of the application.
In industrial formulations, Polysorbate 85 is used as a stabilizer and dispersing agent, helping to maintain a consistent mix of pigments and solvents.
Polysorbate 85 improves the emulsification of water and oils in lubricants, enhancing performance in industrial applications like cutting fluids and metalworking lubricants.
Polysorbate 85 is used in textile processing to help emulsify oils and prevent the buildup of static electricity.
Enhances the emulsification of oils and greases, improving the cleaning action.
Polysorbate 85 is used to break down dirt and grease, allowing for effective cleaning of surfaces while maintaining a smooth and non-abrasive formula.
Polysorbate 85 is approved for use by several regulatory bodies worldwide.
Polysorbate 85 is considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food products, up to certain concentrations.
Polysorbate 85 is approved for use in cosmetics and personal care products and is listed in the Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng).
Polysorbate 85 is also approved for use in pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals, subject to specific guidelines and concentration limits.
Polysorbate 85 is biodegradable, which means it breaks down in the environment over time.
However, like many surfactants, Polysorbate 85 can still contribute to water pollution if large amounts are released into water systems.
While typically not toxic in low concentrations, high concentrations of surfactants like Polysorbate 85 can be toxic to aquatic organisms, affecting water quality and ecosystem balance.
Polysorbate 85 can lower the surface tension of water, impacting the behavior of aquatic animals and plants.
Polysorbate 85 is generally considered to have a low toxicity profile.
However, some safety precautions include:
Polysorbate 85 is well tolerated by most skin types, but in rare cases, it may cause mild skin irritation or allergic reactions, especially in sensitive individuals.
Like many surfactants, Polysorbate 85 may cause mild irritation to the eyes if contact occurs.
Rinsing with water is typically sufficient to alleviate symptoms.
Although rare, inhalation of Polysorbate 85 in aerosolized form (such as in sprays) may cause mild irritation to the respiratory tract.
Polysorbate 85 is typically produced through a process called ethoxylation.
This involves the addition of ethylene oxide molecules to a base molecule of sorbitan trioleate, which is derived from oleic acid (a fatty acid).
The process results in the formation of a polymer chain (ethylene oxide) that makes Polysorbate 85 more hydrophilic (water-attracting), allowing it to function as a surfactant in emulsification processes.
The molecular formula for Polysorbate 85 is C24H46O6, reflecting the combination of sorbitan, fatty acids (oleic acid), and polyoxyethylene groups (ethylene oxide polymers).
Polysorbate 85 consists of sorbitan (a cyclic sorbitol ester) with three oleic acid molecules esterified at the hydroxyl positions, with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) group attached to the sorbitan molecule via ether linkages.
The “20” in the name refers to the average number of ethylene oxide units attached to the molecule.
The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of Polysorbate 85 is typically around 15-16, which means it’s more hydrophilic and therefore suitable for forming oil-in-water emulsions.
One of the unique properties of Polysorbate 85 is its ability to improve bioavailability by enhancing the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs.
This is achieved by incorporating Polysorbate 85 into drug delivery systems like liposomes and micelles, which can help drugs cross biological membranes more effectively.
Polysorbate 85 also allows for better absorption of active ingredients through the skin or mucosal membranes in topical or oral formulations.
Polysorbate 85 is frequently used in injectable formulations of lipophilic drugs (drugs that are poorly soluble in water) due to its solubilizing properties.
Polysorbate 85 ensures that such drugs are properly dissolved in the solution, making them easier to inject and ensuring more effective bioavailability once inside the body.
Polysorbate 85’s also used to prevent precipitation or crystallization of drugs during storage or transportation.
The surfactant helps maintain the drug in a dissolved state for extended periods, preventing clumping that can occur when the drug becomes less soluble.
In cosmetic and personal care products, Polysorbate 85 plays a critical role in improving the long-term stability of emulsions. Emulsions are mixtures of oil and water, which are normally unstable and tend to separate over time.
Polysorbate 85 ensures that the oils and water phases remain uniformly blended, giving products a smooth, consistent texture.
Polysorbate 85 is often used in products like moisturizers, anti-aging creams, facial serums, and cleansers to help active ingredients such as vitamins (like Vitamin E), antioxidants, and hydroxy acids stay evenly distributed, enhancing their effectiveness on the skin.
Polysorbate 85 can be found in conditioners and shampoos to improve the spreadability of conditioning agents, and to help reduce frizz by smoothing hair cuticles and improving the moisture balance.
Polysorbate 85 is commonly used in various forms depending on the intended application:
Polysorbate 85 can be used as a solubilizing agent for oral drugs, ensuring that the active ingredient is well-dissolved and absorbed by the body.
As an emulsifier in topical creams, Polysorbate 85 stabilizes emulsions, allowing both water and oils to blend effectively without separating.
This is particularly important for moisturizing creams and sunscreens.
In injectables, Polysorbate 85 helps to solubilize and stabilize compounds that are otherwise difficult to administer.
Polysorbate 85 prevents the active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) from aggregating or crystallizing.
Polysorbate 85 is also found in eye drops and ocular formulations where it stabilizes the formulation, ensuring even distribution of the active ingredients, which can improve absorption and sustained release.
Polysorbate 85 is used in the formulation of biopharmaceuticals, especially recombinant proteins, vaccines, and gene therapies, where it helps stabilize protein structures and prevents aggregation or denaturation during storage and transportation.
In bioprocessing, Polysorbate 85 can act as a non-ionic detergent, breaking up cell membranes and helping to solubilize membrane-bound proteins for extraction and analysis.
Polysorbate 85 is commonly used in the preparation of nanoparticles, including liposomes and nanoemulsions, as it helps to stabilize these particles in a suspension and prevent coalescence.
This property is essential in drug delivery systems, where controlled release and targeted delivery are required.
Polysorbate 85’s also used in the development of liposomal drug formulations, where the surfactant helps stabilize the lipid bilayers, enhancing the bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs.
Polysorbate 85 is used in various veterinary products, especially in injectable vaccines and oral medications for pets and livestock.
Polysorbate 85 is used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of active ingredients, ensuring that the formulations are effective and safe for use in animals.
In anti-aging and moisturizing products, Polysorbate 85 helps deliver active ingredients such as peptides, hyaluronic acid, and retinoids more effectively to the skin, improving their penetration and effectiveness.
Polysorbate 85 is used in shampoos and conditioners to emulsify natural oils and butters (like argan oil, coconut oil) with water, leaving the hair moisturized without weighing it down.
Works in sunscreens and after-sun products to ensure even application of UV filters and improve the spreadability of sun protection agents across the skin.
Polysorbate 85 is sometimes incorporated into wound care products (e.g., hydrogel dressings and surgical lubricants) to stabilize the gel structure and prevent drying out.
Polysorbate 85 helps to maintain an optimal moist environment for wound healing.
In medical devices like catheters and surgical instruments, Polysorbate 85 is used to improve the slip properties of lubricants, making procedures smoother and reducing friction.
Polysorbate 85 can be found in fabric softeners, where it works to emulsify the various components (such as oils and conditioners) to improve the softening effect and reduce static electricity.
Uses of Polysorbate 85:
Polysorbate 85 is a versatile non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier widely used in various industries.
In the cosmetic and personal care sector, Polysorbate 85 is primarily employed to stabilize emulsions, allowing water and oil-based ingredients to blend seamlessly in products like creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners.
Polysorbate 85 surfactant properties also enhance the texture and spreadability of these products.
In pharmaceuticals, Polysorbate 85 is used as a solubilizer to improve the solubility of active ingredients in oral medications and topical formulations, as well as a stabilizing agent in vaccine formulations.
The food industry benefits from Polysorbate 85 ability to emulsify and stabilize products such as salad dressings, ice cream, and spreads, ensuring a smooth texture and uniform consistency.
Additionally, Polysorbate 85 finds applications in industrial cleaning products and agricultural formulations like pesticides, where it serves as a dispersing agent, improving performance and effectiveness.
Overall, Polysorbate 85 is valued for its ability to improve the stability and uniformity of a wide range of products across multiple sectors.
Polysorbate 85 is an emulsifier produced by reacting oleic acid with sorbitol to yield a product which is reacted with ethylene oxide.
Polysorbate 85 is a nonionic, water-dispersible surface-active agent that is very soluble in water.
Polysorbate 85 is also termed polysorbate 80.
Polysorbate 85 is used in ice cream and frozen desserts for overrun and dryness, as a disperser of flavors and colors in pickles, and for volume and texture in baked goods.
Polysorbate 85 is frequently used with monoand diglycerides at usage levels ranging from 0.05 to 0.10%.
Polysorbate 85 has been used in a study to assess the potential application of niosomes for the delivery of ammonium glycyrrhizinate for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
Polysorbate 85 is a mid-range HLB, nonionic surfactant suggested for use in textile chemicals (lubricant, emulsifier), household products (o/w emulsifier) and cosmetic formulations (o/w emulsifier).
As an emulsifier in processed foods to blend ingredients that normally do not mix well, such as oils and water.
Polysorbate 85 is used in items like ice cream, margarine, and salad dressings.
Polysorbate 85 is used in creams, lotions, shampoos, and conditioners to help mix oil-based and water-based ingredients, enhancing texture and stability.
Polysorbate 85 acts as a solubilizer for essential oils and fragrances in products like perfumes and body sprays.
Employed in the formulation of injectables, topical creams, and oral suspensions where it helps to solubilize active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) that are poorly water-soluble, improving their bioavailability.
Polysorbate 85 is used as a stabilizer in formulations containing both water and oil phases.
Found in agricultural chemicals, such as pesticides, herbicides, and fungicides, to help emulsify the active ingredients, ensuring they are more effectively spread on plant surfaces.
Polysorbate 85 is used in lubricants and polishes, especially in products requiring emulsification of oils and water to improve smoothness, stability, and performance.
Included in detergents, floor cleaners, and dishwashing liquids for emulsifying oils, greases, and other hydrophobic substances, enhancing cleaning power.
Polysorbate 85 is used to improve the solubility and bioavailability of lipophilic (poorly water-soluble) drugs, particularly in injectable formulations.
Polysorbate 85 helps in the dissolution and stabilization of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in liquid formulations.
Polysorbate 85 is commonly used in the formulation of injectable drugs, including vaccines and intravenous (IV) fluids, to stabilize emulsions and prevent precipitation of drug substances.
Polysorbate 85 is used in topical formulations, it helps emulsify oil and water phases, providing a smooth and consistent texture for creams, lotions, and ointments.
Polysorbate 85 is widely used in cosmetic products like moisturizers, sunscreens, and anti-aging creams to ensure that water and oil components remain mixed and stable over time.
Polysorbate 85 helps in creating stable emulsions in shampoos, conditioners, and other hair care products, improving the uniform distribution of active ingredients.
Polysorbate 85 helps in dissolving oils and removing dirt from the skin without irritating, making it a common ingredient in makeup removers and cleansing wipes.
Polysorbate 85 stabilizes the active ingredients in deodorants and antiperspirants, ensuring they are effective and evenly distributed.
In food products, Polysorbate 85 functions as an emulsifier to combine water and oil components, improving the texture and stability of dressings, mayonnaise, and ice cream.
Polysorbate 85 is used in bakery products, beverages, and confectioneries to help prevent separation and improve product consistency.
Polysorbate 85 is used in the formulation of pesticides, helping to emulsify and evenly distribute the active ingredients across plant surfaces, ensuring better absorption and effectiveness.
In gene therapy research, Polysorbate 85 is used to facilitate the delivery of therapeutic genes to target cells by enhancing the solubility and stability of gene delivery vectors.
Polysorbate 85 is used in cleaning products like detergents to help dissolve oils and dirt and improve cleaning efficiency.
Polysorbate 85 can act as an emulsifier in the formulation of paints, inks, and coatings, improving the distribution of pigments and other ingredients.
In veterinary formulations, Polysorbate 85 is used as an emulsifier and solubilizer for drugs, particularly in injectable or topical medications for animals.
Polysorbate 85 can be used in environmental applications to aid in the breakdown and removal of contaminants in soil and water by improving the solubility and dispersion of remediation agents.
Cosmetics and Personal Care Products:
Emulsifier:
Polysorbate 85 is used to stabilize emulsions in creams, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, and facial cleansers, helping water and oil-based ingredients blend.
Surfactant:
Helps in reducing surface tension, improving the spreadability of products like moisturizers and sunscreens.
Stabilizer:
Ensures the uniform consistency of products by preventing ingredient separation.
Pharmaceuticals:
Solubilizer:
Enhances the solubility of active ingredients in oral medications and topical formulations, improving the bioavailability of certain drugs.
Vaccine Formulations:
Polysorbate 85 is used as a stabilizing agent in vaccines, helping to maintain the effectiveness of the vaccine components during storage.
Food Industry:
Emulsifier:
Added to food products like salad dressings, ice cream, and spreads to improve texture and ensure uniform distribution of ingredients.
Stabilizer:
Polysorbate 85 is used in processed foods to prevent phase separation and improve the consistency of food products.
Industrial Applications:
Cleaning Products:
Polysorbate 85 is used in formulations for cleaning agents like detergents and disinfectants to improve product performance and reduce surface tension.
Lubricants:
In some industrial lubricants, Polysorbate 85 acts as a dispersing agent.
Agricultural Applications:
Pesticide Formulations:
Helps in the even distribution of pesticides and herbicides when mixed with water or other solvents, improving their effectiveness.
Benefits of Polysorbate 85:
Improved Emulsion Stability:
Polysorbate 85 helps stabilize emulsions in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations, preventing the separation of oil and water phases for a uniform texture.
Enhanced Solubility:
Polysorbate 85 improves the solubility of active ingredients in both water-based and oil-based formulations, making it an essential ingredient in products like oral medications and skin creams.
Gentle on Skin:
Polysorbate 85 is known for being mild and non-irritating, making it suitable for use in sensitive skin products, reducing the risk of skin reactions.
Improved Spreadability:
In personal care products like lotions and sunscreens, Polysorbate 85 enhances the spreadability and texture, making it easier to apply and ensuring better absorption.
Versatility Across Industries:
Polysorbate 85 can be used in various sectors, from food to pharmaceuticals, improving product consistency and performance, whether it’s stabilizing food emulsions or solubilizing active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Safety and Tolerance:
Considered safe for both topical and oral use within recommended concentrations, Polysorbate 85 offers a reliable solution for a wide range of consumer and industrial products.
Low Toxicity:
Polysorbate 85 is considered to have low toxicity, making it a safer alternative compared to other emulsifiers and surfactants in many formulations.
Biochemistry of Polysorbate 85:
Polysorbate 85 is a non-ionic surfactant and emulsifier, primarily composed of a hydrophilic polyoxyethylene (ethylene glycol) group and a hydrophobic fatty acid chain.
The core structure is derived from sorbitol (a sugar alcohol), which is esterified with fatty acids (such as oleic acid or a mixture of fatty acids) to form polyoxyethylene derivatives.
The structure of Polysorbate 85 allows it to function as both an emulsifier and solubilizer:
Hydrophilic Polyoxyethylene Group:
The ethylene oxide (EO) segments of Polysorbate 85 make the molecule highly hydrophilic, allowing it to interact with water molecules and disperse hydrophilic substances.
Hydrophobic Fatty Acid Chain:
The fatty acid tail is hydrophobic and interacts with lipophilic (oil-based) substances, which enables Polysorbate 85 to stabilize oil-water mixtures (emulsions).
Emulsification:
In water, the hydrophobic end of Polysorbate 85 interacts with oils or lipids, while the hydrophilic end remains in the aqueous phase, reducing the surface tension between oil and water and stabilizing the mixture.
Solubilizing Action:
Polysorbate 85 is capable of solubilizing hydrophobic compounds (such as essential oils, fragrances, and certain drugs) in aqueous formulations, improving their bioavailability and stability.
Biodegradation:
Being a non-ionic surfactant, Polysorbate 85 undergoes biodegradation by microbial action in the environment, which reduces its persistence and potential ecological impact.
Mechanism of Action of Polysorbate 85:
Polysorbate 85 works mainly through its function as a non-ionic surfactant, enabling it to perform as an emulsifier and solubilizer in various formulations:
Emulsification:
Polysorbate 85 has both hydrophilic (water-attracting) and hydrophobic (water-repelling) parts within its structure.
The hydrophilic polyoxyethylene (ethylene oxide) groups interact with water, while the hydrophobic fatty acid chains interact with oil or lipid-based substances.
This dual property allows it to reduce surface tension between oil and water, helping to form stable emulsions (mixtures of oil and water) in formulations like creams, lotions, and shampoos.
Solubilization:
Polysorbate 85 is effective at solubilizing hydrophobic (oil-soluble) compounds in water-based systems.
The hydrophobic parts of the molecule interact with oils or other lipophilic substances (such as fragrances or essential oils), while the hydrophilic part allows these compounds to disperse in the aqueous phase.
This solubilizing action increases the stability and homogeneity of the final product, ensuring uniform distribution of oils or active ingredients in the formulation.
Stabilization:
The emulsifying properties of Polysorbate 85 stabilize the mixture of immiscible components (oil and water), preventing phase separation and enhancing product shelf-life.
By forming a protective barrier around the dispersed droplets of oil or active ingredients, Polysorbate 85 prevents coalescence (merging) of the droplets, which is crucial for maintaining the consistency of creams, lotions, and other emulsions.
Improved Bioavailability:
In pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations, Polysorbate 85 enhances the bioavailability of poorly soluble active ingredients by helping them dissolve and disperse more effectively in the formulation.
This enables better absorption or action of these ingredients when applied to the skin or used in other products.
Production of Polysorbate 85:
Polysorbate 85 is produced through a multi-step chemical process.
The primary production method involves esterifying sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, with fatty acids, usually derived from natural vegetable oils such as palm or soybean oil.
This esterification process forms a sorbitan ester, which is then reacted with polyoxyethylene (a polymer of ethylene oxide).
The result is the creation of Polysorbate 85, a non-ionic surfactant.
The reaction takes place in the presence of catalysts under controlled conditions, ensuring that the degree of ethoxylation (the number of ethylene oxide units added to the sorbitan molecule) determines the final properties of the polysorbate, including its emulsifying and solubilizing capabilities.
After the synthesis, Polysorbate 85 is purified, and the final polysorbate is tested for quality and consistency before being used in various commercial applications.
Synthesis of Polysorbate 85:
The synthesis of Polysorbate 85 involves two main steps: the esterification of sorbitol with fatty acids and the ethoxylation of the resulting sorbitan ester.
Here’s a more detailed breakdown of the process:
Esterification of Sorbitol with Fatty Acids:
Sorbitol, a sugar alcohol, is reacted with fatty acids, typically derived from vegetable oils like palm or soybean oil.
The fatty acids are usually in the form of their triglycerides, which are broken down into free fatty acids.
The esterification reaction occurs in the presence of a catalyst, producing sorbitan esters.
These esters have a hydrophobic fatty acid chain attached to the sorbitol molecule.
Ethoxylation:
The sorbitan esters are then reacted with ethylene oxide (EO), a polymer of ethylene, in the presence of a catalyst.
This step adds polyoxyethylene groups (ethylene oxide units) to the sorbitan ester.
The number of ethylene oxide units added depends on the desired properties of the final product.
Polysorbate 85 typically contains 20 ethylene oxide units per molecule, which makes it more water-soluble and enhances its emulsifying properties.
The final product is a non-ionic surfactant with the ability to stabilize emulsions, improve solubility, and enhance texture in a variety of applications, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products.
After synthesis, Polysorbate 85 is purified and tested to meet quality standards before being used in various formulations.
Occurence of Polysorbate 85:
Polysorbate 85 does not occur naturally but is synthetically produced through the esterification of sorbitol (a sugar alcohol) with fatty acids, typically derived from vegetable oils, followed by the addition of polyoxyethylene.
The process creates a non-ionic surfactant that is primarily used for emulsifying and stabilizing mixtures in various products.
Although it is not naturally occurring, Polysorbate 85 is commonly used in natural and synthetic formulations across industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, food, and cleaning products.
History of Polysorbate 85:
Polysorbate 85, a member of the polysorbate family, was developed as part of a series of surfactants and emulsifiers derived from sorbitol and fatty acids.
Polysorbate 85 creation was driven by the need for more efficient and versatile emulsifying agents in a variety of industries, including cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food production.
The polysorbates, including Polysorbate 85, were introduced in the mid-20th century and have since become widely used due to their ability to stabilize emulsions, enhance solubility, and improve the texture and consistency of products.
Over time, Polysorbate 85 has been recognized for its mildness and safety, which has led to its continued use in a wide range of formulations, from personal care products to vaccines and food items.
Handling and Storage of Polysorbate 85:
Handling:
Use in well-ventilated areas to avoid inhaling vapors.
Avoid contact with eyes, skin, and clothing.
Wear appropriate protective gloves and safety goggles when handling.
Do not ingest or inhale.
Storage:
Store in a cool, dry, well-ventilated area away from direct sunlight and incompatible materials.
Keep containers tightly closed when not in use.
Ensure storage containers are properly labeled.
Maintain temperature within recommended ranges to prevent degradation or volatility.
Stability and Reactivity of Polysorbate 85:
Stability:
Stable under normal conditions of use and storage.
Avoid excessive heat, open flames, and strong oxidizing agents.
Reactivity:
May react with strong acids, bases, and oxidizers.
Can degrade if exposed to extreme conditions or contamination.
Hazardous Decomposition Products:
Decomposes to release smoke, fumes, and potentially toxic gases when heated to decomposition.
Safety Profile of Polysorbate 85:
In some cases, Polysorbate 85 can cause skin irritation in sensitive individuals, especially when used in high concentrations or for prolonged periods.
Rarely, individuals may experience allergic reactions, including rash, swelling, or itching, particularly if they are sensitive to polyether compounds or oleic acid derivatives.
There have been isolated cases of contact dermatitis with prolonged use, especially in personal care products.
While generally recognized as safe in food and pharmaceutical formulations, ingestion of large quantities of Polysorbate 85 could potentially lead to gastrointestinal distress, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea.
In the case of eye contact, Polysorbate 85 can cause irritation.
Polysorbate 85 may lead to discomfort, redness, or mild to moderate eye irritation.
If the substance is aerosolized (inhaled as a fine mist or vapor), it could irritate the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms like coughing, sneezing, or a sore throat. However, inhalation exposure is unlikely under typical uses.
Polysorbate 85 is biodegradable, there is still some concern about its potential ecotoxicity in large quantities.
Polysorbate 85 can have an impact on aquatic life, as surfactants can interfere with the ability of aquatic organisms to absorb oxygen, potentially leading to environmental contamination if released in high concentrations.
In large amounts, Polysorbate 85 could contribute to water pollution by affecting water systems, particularly in industrial wastewaters or agricultural runoff.
Polysorbate 85 is produced through a process called ethoxylation, which can result in trace contamination of byproducts, notably 1,4-dioxane.
Polysorbate 85 is a potential carcinogen and is regulated in many countries.
While Polysorbate 85 levels in Polysorbate 85 are typically low, it’s essential for manufacturers to minimize these residues during the purification process.
Some individuals may develop hypersensitivity to certain components of Polysorbate 85, particularly in high concentrations or when used over extended periods.
This can lead to sensitization, causing more severe allergic reactions upon subsequent exposures.
In pharmaceutical or cosmetic formulations, excessive exposure to Polysorbate 85 could potentially cause toxicity, depending on the dose and frequency of use.
It’s important to adhere to regulated concentration levels.
First Aid Measures of Polysorbate 85:
Inhalation:
Move the affected person to fresh air immediately.
If symptoms persist (dizziness, coughing, or shortness of breath), seek medical attention.
Skin Contact:
Wash the affected area with soap and water.
If irritation persists, seek medical advice.
Eye Contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes.
Seek medical attention if irritation persists.
Ingestion:
Rinse mouth with water.
If swallowed, do not induce vomiting unless directed by a medical professional.
Seek immediate medical attention.
Firefighting Measures of Polysorbate 85:
Suitable Extinguishing Media:
Use foam, dry chemical powder, or carbon dioxide (CO₂) for fires.
Unsuitable Extinguishing Media:
Do not use water jets as Polysorbate 85 may spread the fire.
Firefighting Instructions:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and protective firefighting clothing to prevent exposure to toxic fumes.
Cool containers with water spray to prevent pressure buildup.
Hazardous Combustion Products:
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and other toxic gases may be released upon combustion.
Accidental Release Measures of Polysorbate 85:
Personal Precautions:
Evacuate the area if necessary.
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment, including gloves, safety goggles, and respiratory protection if needed.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent product from entering drains, sewers, or watercourses.
If large amounts are released, notify the appropriate authorities for environmental impact.
Methods for Cleaning Up:
Contain the spill with inert absorbent materials (e.g., sand or earth).
Collect and place spilled material into containers for disposal.
Ensure proper ventilation during cleanup.
Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Measures of Polysorbate 85:
Occupational Exposure Limits:
Ensure workplace exposure limits (if available) are followed.
Specific values can vary by jurisdiction.
Engineering Controls:
Use adequate ventilation or local exhaust to minimize inhalation of vapors.
Ensure that work areas are well-ventilated.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):
Respiratory Protection:
Use NIOSH-approved respirators if vapor concentration exceeds occupational limits.
Hand Protection:
Wear suitable gloves to avoid skin contact.
Eye Protection:
Use safety goggles or face shields to prevent eye contact.
Skin Protection:
Wear protective clothing if prolonged or repeated contact is likely.
General Hygiene:
Wash hands thoroughly after handling the substance.
Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking in the work area.
Identifiers of Polysorbate 85:
CAS Number: 9005-67-8
EC Number: 500-018-3
Molecular Formula: C24H46O6
IUPAC Name: 1-O-[2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethyl]-(2,3,4,5,6-pentakis[(2-hydroxyethyl)oxy]hexyl)-β-D-glucopyranose
HS Code: 3824.90
CAS Number: 9005-67-8
EINECS Number: 500-018-3
INCI Name: Polysorbate 85
Molecular Formula: C24H46O6
EC Number: 500-018-3
HS Code: 3824.90
Properties of Polysorbate 85:
pH: Neutral to slightly acidic (5–7).
Odor: Mild, faint odor.
Density: Approximately 1.06 g/cm³ at 25°C.
Melting point: -20 °C
Boiling point: 100 °C
Density: 1.028 g/mL at 20 °C
vapor pressure: <1 mm Hg ( 20 °C) refractive index: n20/D 1.473 Flash point: >230 °F
storage temp.: Store below +30°C.
solubility: Dispersible in water, in anhydrous ethanol, in ethyl acetate and in methanol, practically insoluble in fatty oils and in liquid paraffin.
form: viscous liquid
Specific Gravity: 1.030 (20/4℃)
color: Light yellow to Brown
Specifications of Polysorbate 85:
Appearance: Clear, colorless to pale yellow liquid.
Purity: Typically ≥ 95% active substance.
Viscosity (at 25°C): Approximately 50-500 cP.
pH: 5.0 – 7.0 (in a 1% aqueous solution).
Water Content: ≤ 1% (for most commercial grades).
Density (at 25°C): ~1.06 g/cm³.
Refractive Index: 1.470 – 1.485.
Solubility: Soluble in water and most organic solvents, including alcohol and oils.
Odor: Mild, characteristic odor.
Flash Point: > 200°C (approximately).
Names of Polysorbate 85:
Regulatory process names:
Emsorb 6903
Glycosperse TO-20
Liposorb TO-20
polyethyleneglycol sorbitan trioleate
Polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan trioleate
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate
Polysorbate 85
Protasorb TO-20
Sorbimacrogol trioleate 300
Sorbitan, tri-(9Z)-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs.
Sorbitan, tri-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) derivs.
Sorbitan, trioleate polyoxyethylene deriv.
Tween 85
IUPAC names:
Ethoxylates
methyl 3-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-ylmethylsulfamoyl)thiophene-2-carboxylate
Polyethylene glycol sorbitan trioleate
Polyethyleneglycol sorbitan trioleate
POLYOXYETHYLENE SORBITAN TRIOLEATE
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate
Polyoxyethylene sorbitan trioleate
Polysorbate 85
Sorbitan, tri-9-octadecenoate, poly(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl) deri vs., (Z,Z,Z)-
Sorbitan, trioleate, ethoxylated
Other names:
Polyethylene glycol sorbitan trioleate
Polyoxyethylene Sorbitan Trioleate
Other identifiers:
111389-05-0
1340-86-9
51367-06-7
872017-39-5
9005-70-3