PROPYLPARABEN

Propylparaben is an organic compound with the formula C10H12O3, commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, and food items.

Despite its widespread use, propylparaben has faced scrutiny over potential health concerns related to its estrogen-mimicking properties, prompting ongoing research and debate regarding its safety and regulatory status.

Propylparaben is a bacteriostatic and fungistatic agent used as a preservative in cosmetic products, food, and drugs, with the E number E216 as a food additive.

CAS Number: 94-13-3

EC Number: 202-307-7

Chemical Formula: C10H12O3

Molecular Weight: 180.20

Synonyms: PROPYLPARABEN, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 94-13-3, Propylparaben, Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Nipasol, Nipazol, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Propagin, Tegosept P, Nipagin P, n-Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl Butex, Betacide P, Propylparasept, Chemacide pk, Chemocide pk, N-Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl Parasept, Aseptoform P, Propyl Chemosept, Protaben P, Propyl aseptoform, Nipasol P, Solbrol P, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, Paseptol, p-Hydroxypropyl benzoate, Preserval P, Betacine P, Bonomold OP, Nipasol M, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, p-Hydroxybenzoic propyl ester, Parasept, N-Propylparaben, Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl chemsept, Propyl-paraben, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester, n-Propylparaben, FEMA No. 2951, Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester, Paratexin p, Paraben p, Chemoside PK, Lexgard P, propyl para-hydroxybenzoate, Pulvis conservans, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, Propylparaben e216, n-PROPYL-p-HYDROXYBENZOATE, NSC-8511, propyl 4-oxidanylbenzoate, NSC-23515, Z8IX2SC1OH, MLS002152934, DTXSID4022527, CHEBI:32063, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester, NSC23515, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, NCGC00090965-03, NCGC00090965-04, SMR000112070, WLN: QR DVO3, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate;Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, DTXCID602527, Caswell No. 714, Propylparaben [USAN], Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, >=99%, Bayer D 206, FEMA Number 2951, Pulvis conservans (VAN), 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, CAS-94-13-3, HSDB 203, p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester [German], EINECS 202-307-7, UNII-Z8IX2SC1OH, MFCD00002354, NSC 23515, p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester, Propylparaben [USAN:NF], EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061203, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester D7 (propyl D7), BRN 1103245, AI3-01341, Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove [Czech], 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propylester, (Propylparaben), 36M, Propylparaben (NF), Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove, Propylparaben-[d7], Propylparaben, USAN, Propylis hydroxybenzoas, 85403-59-4, Propyl 4-?Hydroxybenzoate, SCHEMBL977, PROPYLPARABEN [II], PROPYLPARABEN [MI], p-Oxybenzoesaeurepropylester, EC 202-307-7, PROPYLPARABEN [FCC], cid_7175, n-propyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate, PROPYLPARABEN [HSDB], PROPYLPARABEN [INCI], PROPYLPARABEN [VANDF], 4-10-00-00374 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), MLS002222346, MLS006011654, BIDD:ER0229, Propyl-4-Hydroxybenzoate,(S), Propylparaben [VANDF], PROPYLPARABEN [USP-RS], PROPYLPARABEN [WHO-DD], CHEMBL194014, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (TN), BDBM70190, NSC8511, HMS2268K21, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, BioXtra, PROPYL (4-HYDROXYBENZOATE), Propyl parahydroxybenzoate (JP17), HY-N2026, PROPYL PARA HYDROXY BENZOATE, ZINC1586788, Tox21_111048, Tox21_400012, BBL023754, s5405, STL294815, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, n-propyl ester, AKOS008948099, component of Heb-Cort MC (Salt/Mix), PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.], CCG-266432, DB14177, DS-3427, PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [WHO-IP], PROPYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE [FHFI], PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [JAN], NCGC00090965-01, NCGC00090965-02, NCGC00090965-05, NCGC00090965-06, NCGC00090965-07, AC-34533, E216, CS-0018518, FT-0618698, H0219, P1955, PROPYLIS HYDROXYBENZOAS [WHO-IP LATIN], D01422, PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP IMPURITY], EN300-7419478, PROPYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], A844839, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, p.a., 99.0-100.5%, Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 0.01 mg/ml in Methanol, Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol, Q511627, 4-Arm PEG-OMs, 95%, average M.W. 20,000, Q-201635, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, tested according to Ph.Eur., Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98%, METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], Propylparaben, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Propylparaben, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Propylparaben, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material, Propylparaben [NF] [USAN] [Wiki], 202-307-7 [EINECS], 4-10-00-00374 [Beilstein], 4-Hydroxybenzoate de propyle [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, n-propyl ester, 94-13-3 [RN], Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, propyl ester [ACD/Index Name], Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, propyl ester, DH2800000, Mekkings P [Trade name], MFCD00002354 [MDL number], Nipasol M [Trade name], n-propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, n-Propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, n-Propylparaben, N-Propyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid n-propyl ester, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, p-Oxybenzoesaurepropylester [German], Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Propyl chemosept [Trade name], Propylparaben, Propyl parahydroxybenzoate [JP15], PROPYL PARASEPT [Trade name], propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Propylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove [Czech], Propylis parahydroxybenzoas, Solbrol P [Trade name], Z8IX2SC1OH, 1219802-67-1 [RN], 1246820-92-7 [RN], 4-Hydroxy-benzoic acid propyl ester, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propylester, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, propyl ester, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-propyl ester, Aseptoform P, Bayer D 206, Benzoic acid, 4-(aminomethyl)- (9CI), Bonomold OP, Chemocide pk, DS-3427, Lexgard P, Nipagin P, NIPASEPT, Nipasol, Nipasol P, Nipazol, n-Propyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate–d4, n-Propylparaben, N-Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, n-Propyl-p-hydroxy-benzoate, Parasept, Paseptol, PEPH, P-HYDROXY PROPYL BENZOATE, p-hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, p-Hydroxybenzoic propyl ester, p-Hydroxypropyl benzoate, p-Oxybenzoesaeurepropylester, Preserval P, Propagin, propilparabeno [Portuguese], Propyl aseptoform, Propyl butex, PROPYL PARA HYDROXY BENZOATE, Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 0.01 mg/ml in Methanol, Propyl Parahydroxybenzoate 1.0 mg/ml in Methanol, Propyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, Propyl-d7 Paraben, Propyl-paraben, Propylparasept, Propyl-p-Hydroxybenzoate, Protaben P, QR DVO3 [WLN], Tegosept P, UNII:Z8IX2SC1OH, UNII-Z8IX2SC1OH

Propylparaben is an organic compound with the formula C10H12O3, commonly used as a preservative in cosmetics, personal care products, and food items.

This colorless to white crystalline powder effectively inhibits the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast, thus extending the shelf life of various formulations.

Propylparaben is particularly valued in cosmetics, such as lotions, shampoos, and creams, as well as in processed foods to maintain freshness.

Additionally, environmental studies have raised awareness about Propylparaben’s presence in water systems, leading to discussions about its biodegradability and effects on aquatic ecosystems.

As consumer demand for safer and more natural products increases, the future of propylparaben may see a shift towards alternative preservatives while still emphasizing efficacy and product stability.

Propylparaben, the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, occurs as a natural substance found in many plants and some insects, although Propylparaben is manufactured synthetically for use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods.

Propylparaben is a member of the class of parabens.

Propylparaben is a preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos, and bath products.

As a food additive, Propylparaben has the E number E216.

Sodium propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, the sodium salt of propylparaben, a compound with formula Na(C3H7(C6H4COO)O), is also used similarly as a food additive and as an anti-fungal preservation agent.

Propylparaben is E number is E217.

In 2010 the European Union Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety stated that Propylparaben considered the use of butylparaben and propylparaben as preservatives in finished cosmetic products as safe to the consumer, as long as the sum of their concentrations does not exceed 0.19%.

Propylparaben is a bacteriostatic and fungistatic agent used as a preservative in cosmetic products, food and drugs.

As a food additive, Propylparaben has the E number E216.

To increase the activity and reduce Propylparaben is dose propylparaben is used in a mixture with other parabens and in combination with other types of preservatives.

Propylparaben is a chemical allergen capable of producing immunologically mediated hypersensitivity reactions.

Chemically Propylparaben is an ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Propylparaben is in the paraben family of preservatives used by the food, pharmaceutical, and personal care product industries.

Parabens mimic estrogen and can act as potential hormone (endocrine) system disruptors.

Propylparaben is a type of paraben having the chemical formula C10H12O3.

The molar mass of Propylparaben is 180.2 g/mol.

The density of Propylparaben is 1.06 g/cm3, and Propylparaben is melting point can range from 96 to 99 degrees Celsius.

We can name Propylparaben in IUPAC nomenclature as propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate.

Propylparaben is the n-propyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.

Propylparaben occurs naturally in plants and some insects.

However, Propylparaben can be manufactured synthetically to be used in the cosmetic industry, pharmaceutical industry, and food industry.

This is because Propylparaben can act as a preservative for various products.

The Propylparaben compound has anti-fungal and antimicrobial properties and can be used in a variety of water-based cosmetics and personal-care products due to this property.

Moreover, we can use Propylparaben as a food additive, and Propylparaben has the E number E216.

In addition, Propylparaben is a standardized chemical allergen, and Propylparaben is important in allergenic testing.

Propylparaben is one of the most commonly used preservatives in cosmetics since Propylparaben is stable in most pH levels.

Propylparaben is a paraben, which is a group of controversial preservatives that also includes butylparaben, isobutylparaben, methylparaben, and ethylparaben.

All of these were at one time the most widely used group of preservatives used in cosmetics.

Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective profile in comparison to other preservatives but also because they were derived naturally from plants, a rare phenomenon for a preservative.

Parabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens for a plants own protection.

Over the past 10 years parabens have become criticized and condemned for use in cosmetics due to their alleged relation to health concerns affecting women and men.

The research about parabens is conflicting and polarizing.

Some research indicates they are safe as used in cosmetics and are preferred over other preservatives to keep a formula stable.

These studies also showed parabens did not have any effect when compared to natural hormones in the body.

However, other research has concluded they are indeed problematic: Some studies determined a 100% concentration of parabens caused skin samples (meaning not intact skin on a person) to break down.

However, these studies don’t apply to the tiny amount (1% or less) of parabens typically used in cosmetics.

In low amounts, parabens were not shown to harm skin; in fact, they offer a benefit due to their ability to thwart the growth of mold, fungi, and harmful pathogens.

Other studies casting parabens in a negative light were based on force-feeding them to rats, a practice that is not only cruel but unrelated to what happens when parabens are applied to skin.

There are studies indicating absorption of parabens through skin associated with application of skin care products, but those studies did not take into consideration that parabens are still used as food-grade preservatives or found naturally in plants and that could have been the source not the cosmetics.

Propylparaben is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum. Propylparaben is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses) and in formulation or re-packing. Propylparaben is a preservative used in skincare and cosmetic formulations. Propylparaben is classed as a paraben, a group of preservatives with slightly different functions and anti-microbial activity based on their size. Other common parabens include methylparaben, butylparaben, isobutylparaben, and ethylparaben. Propylparaben is used to extend the shelf-life of a product life by preventing microbial contamination. Microbial contamination can occur from exposure to bacteria and molds in the air and general use of Propylparaben from your hands. Preservatives like parabens are designed to reduce the likelihood that bacteria and molds can grow in your product. This is important for ensuring the safety of a product. Propylparaben naturally occurs in some fruit and vegetable products, such as barley, flaxseed, and grapes. Parabens are found in plants in the form of p-hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA), a chemical that breaks down to become parabens to protect the plant. The parabens used in cosmetics are identical to those found in nature. If parabens are absorbed through the skin, the human body can quickly metabolize them to PHBA and eliminate them. Parabens have up until recently been the most widely used group of preservatives in skincare and cosmetic products. Parabens were so popular because of their gentle, non-sensitizing, and highly effective in comparison to other preservatives. However, the use of parabens is now controversial due to their alleged relation to health concerns. Propylparaben is an antimicrobial preservative used in cosmetics and personal care. Parabens are the most commonly used preservatives in personal care products. They are non-irritating, have low toxicity levels, and are active against a wide spectrum of fungi and bacteria at low concentrations. In addition to meeting the NF standards of USP, our Propylparaben also complies with BP and PhEur requirements. Propylparaben is recommended for toothpaste, mascara, eyeliner, lipstick, and eyeshadow. Propylparaben, also known as propyl chemosept or propyl parasept, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as p-hydroxybenzoic acid alkyl esters. These are aromatic compounds containing a benzoic acid, which is esterified with an alkyl group and para-substituted with a hydroxyl group. Propylparaben is a sweet, burnt, and hawthorn tasting compound. Propylparaben is a potentially toxic compound. Propylparaben is an antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent. Propylparaben is the benzoate ester that is the propyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Preservative typically found in many water-based cosmetics, such as creams, lotions, shampoos and bath products. Propylparaben is also used as a food additive. Propylparaben has a role as an antifungal agent and an antimicrobial agent. Propylparaben is a benzoate ester, a member of phenols and a paraben. Propylparaben is functionally related to a propan-1-ol and a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Propylparaben is an antimicrobial agent, preservative, flavouring agent. Propylparaben belongs to the family of Hydroxybenzoic Acid Derivatives. These are compounds containing an hydroxybenzoic acid (or a derivative), which is a benzene ring bearing a carboxylic acid. Propylparaben is a Standardized Chemical Allergen. The physiologic effect of propylparaben is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity. Propylparaben is an antimicrobial preservative which can be produced naturally by plants and bacteria. Propylparaben is prevalently used in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and foods. Propylparaben disrupts antral follicle growth and steroidogenic function by altering the cell-cycle, apoptosis, and steroidogenesis pathways. Propylparaben also decreases sperm number and motile activity in rats. Uses of Propylparaben: Propylparaben has antifungal and antimicrobial properties and is typically used in a variety of water-based cosmetics and personal-care products. Propylparaben is also used as a food additive, and is designated with E number E216. Propylparaben is also a Standardized Chemical Allergen and is used in allergenic testing. Propylparaben is used as antimicrobial preservatives in pharmaceuticals, foods, cosmetics, and shampoos. The parabens (methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl) were the most widely used preservatives in cosmetics (0.1% to 0.8%) until their sensitizing potential was recognized. Propylparaben is primarily used as a preservative in various products due to its antimicrobial properties. Propylparaben is an aromatic compound widely used as a preservative in various industries due to its effective antimicrobial properties. Commonly found in cosmetics and personal care products, Propylparaben helps inhibit the growth of bacteria and mold, thereby extending the shelf life of lotions, shampoos, and makeup. In the food industry, propylparaben serves as a food preservative, particularly in baked goods, sauces, and dressings, to prevent spoilage and maintain freshness. Propylparaben's presence in pharmaceutical formulations ensures the integrity and safety of medications by preventing microbial contamination. Additionally, propylparaben is utilized in household cleaning products and industrial applications to enhance product stability and longevity. Overall, propylparaben's versatility and effectiveness make it an essential ingredient in many everyday products. Here are some key uses: Cosmetics and Personal Care Products: Propylparaben is commonly found in lotions, creams, shampoos, conditioners, and makeup to prevent the growth of harmful bacteria and mold, extending shelf life. Food Industry: Propylparaben is used as a food preservative to inhibit spoilage and extend the shelf life of processed foods, particularly in baked goods, sauces, and dressings. Pharmaceuticals: Propylparaben is included in certain medicinal formulations to preserve the integrity of the product and prevent microbial contamination. Household Products: Propylparaben can be found in cleaning products, detergents, and other household items to enhance product longevity. Industrial Applications: Propylparaben may be used in some industrial formulations as a stabilizing agent, helping to maintain the efficacy and safety of various products. Widespread uses by professional workers: Propylparaben is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products. Other release to the environment of Propylparaben is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid. Industry Uses: Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable Consumer Uses: Propylparaben is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products and perfumes and fragrances. Other release to the environment of Propylparaben is likely to occur from: indoor use as processing aid. Other Consumer Uses: Laboratory chemicals Properties of Propylparaben: Propylparaben is a fine white powder with a peculiar odor somewhat reminiscent of algae. The purity is at least 98% and Propylparaben has a reasonably long shelf life. Propylparaben is a widely used preservative in cosmetics, due to a combination of pleasant properties: Propylparaben is very active against fungi and Gram positive bacteria Propylparaben is, especially for a preservative, little harmful to the health of humans, animals and plants Propylparaben usually breaks down easily and quickly in the environment Propylparaben occurs naturally in various plants and animals and could therefore be called “natural” Propylparaben is active in a fairly wide pH range, a pH of 5-6 is ideal, but 3-8 is also possible in many cases Propylparaben has been used as a preservative in food, medicine and cosmetics for a century and is very well researched Parabens do not always go well with highly ethoxylated substances such as polysorbate 20 and polysorbate 80 and to a lesser extent proylparaben becomes completely or partially inactive with, for example, lecithin and proteinaceous substances such as hyaluronic acid. Furthermore, propylparaben may work well against fungi, but Propylparaben does not or hardly work against Gram-negative bacteria in particular. Thus, an additional preservative is usually required. Although rare, hypersensitivity to benzoic acid and related substances such as parabens does occur. In that case, also do not use sodium benzoate, benzoic acid and benzoin tincture. Incidentally, this hypersensitivity mainly affects damaged skin, a reaction is unusual on intact skin. Paraben madness: A disadvantage of a completely different nature is the fact that parabens received a lot bad press in recent decades. In addition to many nonsense stories, there is also a more serious concern. Parabens were found to have the potential to disrupt hormones in laboratory research. For this reason, a lot of additional research has been done. For the time being, Propylparaben seems that Propylparaben does not act as a hormone disruptor in mammals, but not all studies have yet been completed. Because parabens have been used in food and cosmetics for more than a century, we know that there is no obvious great danger in the use of this group of substances, but Propylparaben would be nice if we could also exclude the possible hormone disruption completely. Manufacturing Methods of Propylparaben: Produced by esterifying p-hydroxybenzoic acid with n-propanol, using an acid catalyst such as sulfuric acid and an excess of propanol. Propylparabens are heated in a glass-lined reactor under reflux. The acid is then neutralized with caustic soda and Propylparaben is crystallized by cooling. The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination. Propylparaben is produced by the n-propanol esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, with subsequent distillation. Parabens are prepared by esterifying PHBA parahydroxybenzoic acid with the corresponding alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, and an excess of the specific alcohol. The acid is then neutralized with caustic soda, and Propylparaben is crystallized by cooling, centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled, and blended. Clinical Laboratory Methods of Propylparaben: Bisphenol A (BPA), benzophenones and parabens are commonly used in the production of polycarbonate plastics, as UV-filters and as antimicrobial preservatives, respectively, and they are thought to exhibit endocrine disrupting properties. Exposure to these compounds remains poorly characterized in developing countries, despite the fact that certain behaviors related to westernization have the potential to influence exposure. The aim of this pilot study was to measure urinary concentrations of BPA, six different benzophenones and four parabens in 34 Tunisian women. In addition, we identified some socio-demographic and dietary predictors of exposure to these compounds. Chemical analyses were carried out by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection (UHPLC-MS/MS). Detection frequencies of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP) and propylparaben (PP) ranged between 67.6 and 94.1%. Butylparaben (BP) was found in 38.2% of the analyzed samples; BPA in 64.7%; and benzophenone-1 (BP-1) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) were detected in 91.2 and 64.7% of the analyzed samples, respectively. Urinary geometric mean concentrations of MP, EP, PP, and BP were 30.1, 1.4, 2.0 and 0.5 ng/L, respectively. Geometric mean concentrations of BPA, BP-1, and BP-3 were 0.4, 1.3 and 1.1 ng/L, respectively. Our results suggest that Tunisian women are widely exposed to BPA, parabens and some benzophenones. Further studies on the general Tunisian population are needed in order to assess the levels of exposure to these compounds and to identify sources of exposure and population groups at higher risk. Parabens are the most widely used preservative and are considered to be relatively safe compounds. However, studies have demonstrated that they may have estrogenic activity, and there is ongoing debate regarding the safety and potential cancer risk of using products containing these compounds. In the present work, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was applied to determine methylparaben and propylparabenconcentrations in serum, and the results were correlated with lipstick application. Samples were analyzed using liquid-liquid extraction, followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The validation results demonstrated the linearity of the method over a range of 1-20 ng/mL, in addition to the method's precision and accuracy. A statistically significant difference was demonstrated between serum parabens in women who used lipstick containing these substances compared with those not using this cosmetic (p = 0.0005 and 0.0016, respectively), and a strong association was observed between serum parabens and lipstick use (Spearman correlation = 0.7202). Two rugged liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods for the determination of propylparaben, Propylparaben is major metabolite, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (pHBA), and their sulfate conjugates have been developed and validated in citric acid-treated rat plasma. To prevent propylparaben being hydrolyzed to pHBA ex vivo, rat plasma was first treated with citric acid; then collected and processed at a reduced temperature (ice bath). Stable isotope labeled internal standards, d4-propylparaben, (13)C6-pHBA, and the d4-labeled internal standards of their sulfate conjugates were used in the methods. The analytes were extracted from the matrix using protein precipitation, followed by chromatographic separation on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC HSS T3 column. Quantification using negative ion electrospray was performed on a Sciex API 4000 mass spectrometer. The analytical ranges were established from 2.00 to 200 ng/mL for propylparaben, 50.0-5000 ng/mL for pHBA, 50.0-10,000 ng/mL for the sulfate conjugate of propylparaben (SPP) and 200-40,000 ng/mL for the sulfate conjugate of pHBA (SHBA). Inter- and intra-run precision for the quality control samples were less than 5.3% and 4.4% for all analytes; and the overall accuracy was within +/-5.7% of the nominal values. The validated bioanalytical methods demonstrated excellent sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and precision and were successfully applied to a rat toxicology study under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practices (GLP). Strategies have been developed and applied toward overcoming the challenges related to analyte stability, and environmental and endogenous background. Action Mechanism of Propylparaben: The mechanism of Propylparaben may be linked to mitochondrial failure dependent on induction of membrane permeability transition accompanied by the mitochondrial depolarization and depletion of cellular ATP through uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Handling and Storage of Propylparaben: Handling: When working with propylparaben, use in a well-ventilated area to minimize inhalation exposure. Avoid contact with skin and eyes. Use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE), including gloves and goggles, to reduce the risk of irritation. Storage: Store propylparaben in a cool, dry place away from direct sunlight and heat sources. Keep the container tightly closed when not in use to prevent contamination and degradation. Ensure that Propylparaben is stored in compatible containers to avoid reactions with other substances. Stability and Reactivity of Propylparaben: Stability: Propylparaben is stable under normal conditions of use and storage. Propylparaben is resistant to hydrolysis and does not readily degrade in the presence of light or moisture. Reactivity: Propylparaben is generally unreactive; however, Propylparaben may react with strong oxidizing agents, resulting in potential hazardous reactions. Avoid mixing with strong acids or bases. First Aid Measures of Propylparaben: Inhalation: If inhaled, move the affected person to fresh air. If symptoms persist, seek medical attention. Skin Contact: In case of skin contact, wash the affected area thoroughly with soap and water. Remove contaminated clothing. If irritation persists, seek medical assistance. Eye Contact: If propylparaben enters the eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical attention if irritation occurs. Ingestion: If ingested, do not induce vomiting. Rinse the mouth with water and seek medical attention immediately. Firefighting Measures of Propylparaben: Extinguishing Media: Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical powder, or carbon dioxide for extinguishing fires involving propylparaben. Firefighting Procedures: Firefighters should wear self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) and full protective gear when responding to fires involving propylparaben. Avoid breathing smoke and vapors, and use water to cool containers exposed to fire. Accidental Release Measures of Propylparaben: Personal Precautions: Ensure appropriate PPE is worn, including gloves, goggles, and respiratory protection, if necessary. Avoid dust generation and inhalation. Containment: Contain the spill using inert materials like sand or earth. Prevent the spilled material from entering drains or waterways. Cleanup: Collect the spilled material in a suitable container for disposal. Clean the area thoroughly with water and appropriate cleaning agents to remove any residue. Exposure Controls/Personal Protective Equipment of Propylparaben: Exposure Controls: Implement engineering controls such as local exhaust ventilation to maintain airborne concentrations below recommended limits. Regularly monitor workplace exposure levels. Personal Protective Equipment: Use gloves, goggles, and protective clothing to minimize skin and eye contact. A dust mask or respirator may be necessary if exposure levels are expected to exceed recommended limits. Identifiers of Propylparaben: CAS Number: 94-13-3 ChEBI: CHEBI:32063 ChEMBL: ChEMBL194014 ChemSpider: 6907 ECHA InfoCard: 100.002.098 EC Number: 202-307-7 E number: E216 (preservatives) KEGG: D01422 PubChem CID: 7175 UNII: Z8IX2SC1OH CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID4022527 InChI: InChI=1S/C10H12O3/c1-2-7-13-10(12)8-3-5-9(11)6-4-8/h3-6,11H,2,7H2,1H3 Key: QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYSA-N InChI=1/C10H12O3/c1-2-7-13-10(12)8-3-5-9(11)6-4-8/h3-6,11H,2,7H2,1H3 Key: QELSKZZBTMNZEB-UHFFFAOYAD SMILES: O=C(OCCC)c1ccc(O)cc1 CAS number: 94-13-3 EC number: 202-307-7 Grade: Ph Eur,BP,JP,NF Hill Formula: C₁₀H₁₂O₃ Molar Mass: 180.2 g/mol HS Code: 2918 29 00 Synonyms: Propyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester, Propylparaben Linear Formula: HOC6H4CO2CH2CH2CH3 CAS Number: 94-13-3 Molecular Weight: 180.20 EC Number: 202-307-7 EC / List no.: 202-307-7 CAS no.: 94-13-3 Mol. formula: C10H12O3 Typical Properties of Propylparaben: Chemical formula: C10H12O3 Molar mass: 180.203 g·mol−1 Density: 1.0630 g/cm3 Melting point: 96 to 99 °C (205 to 210 °F; 369 to 372 K) Density: 1.287 g/cm3 (20 °C) Flash point: 180 °C Ignition temperature: >600 °C

Melting Point: 96 – 97 °C

pH value: 6 – 7 (H₂O, 20 °C) (saturated solution)

Vapor pressure: 0.67 hPa (122 °C)

Bulk density: 350 kg/m3

Solubility: 0.4 g/l

Molecular Weight: 180.20

XLogP3: 3

Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1

Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3

Rotatable Bond Count: 4

Exact Mass: 180.078644241

Monoisotopic Mass: 180.078644241

Topological Polar Surface Area: 46.5 Å²

Heavy Atom Count: 13

Complexity: 160

Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0

Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0

Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1

Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Specifications of Propylparaben:

Assay (HPLC, Ph. Eur., JP): 98.0 – 102.0 %

Assay (HPLC, NF): 98.0 – 102.0 %

Identity (IR-spectrum): passes test

Identity (melting range): passes test

Appearance of solution (100 g/l, Ethanol 96 %): clear and not more intense in color than reference solution BY₆

Acidic substances: passes test

Melting range (lower value): ≥ 96 °C

Melting range (upper value): ≤ 99 °C

Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 10 ppm

Related substances (HPLC, Ph. Eur., JP): passes test

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (Ph. Eur., JP): ≤ 0.5 %

Sum of all impurities (Ph. Eur., JP): ≤ 1.0 %

Largest unspecified impurity (Ph. Eur., JP): ≤ 0.5 %

Related substances (HPLC, NF): passes test

p-Hydroxybenzoic acid (NF): ≤ 0.5 %

Sum of all impurities (NF): ≤ 1.0 %

Largest unspecified impurity (NF): ≤ 0.5 %

1-Propylalcohol (HS-GC): ≤ 5000 ppm

Other residual solvents (ICH Q3C): excluded by manufactoring process

Sulfated ash: ≤ 0.1 %

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