SODIUM THIOSULFATE
SODIUM THIOSULFATE
Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic sodium salt with the formula Na2S2O3 composed of a 2:1 mixture of sodium and thiosulfate ions
Sodium thiosulfate or sodium hyposulfite is a crystalline compound with five molecules of water in it.
Sodium thiosulfate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine.
CAS Number: 7772-98-7
EC Number: 231-867-5
Chemical Formula: Na2S2O3
Molar Mass: 158.11 g/mol
Synonyms: SODIUM THIOSULFATE, 7772-98-7, Sodium thiosulphate, Sodium thiosulfate anhydrous, Disodium thiosulfate, sodiumthiosulfate, Sodothiol, Hypo, Chlorine Control, Chlorine Cure, Declor-It, Thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt, S-Hydril, Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), Sodium thiosulphate (Na2S2O3), Sodium oxide sulfide (Na2S2O3), disodium sulfurothioate, Hypo (VAN), HSDB 592, UNII-L0IYT1O31N, EINECS 231-867-5, L0IYT1O31N, NSC 45624, Sodium oxide sulfide, AI3-01237, Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), disodium salt, Ins no.539, MFCD00003499, Na2S2O3, anhydrous sodium thiosulfate, DISODIUM THIOSULPHATE, Ins-539, Sodium thiosulphate, anhydrous, sodium thiosulfate (anhydrous), DTXSID9042417, CHEBI:132112, EC 231-867-5, sodium sulfothioate, Sodothiol; Sulfactol; Sulfothiorine, E-539, SODIUM THIOSULFATE ANHYDROUS (II), SODIUM THIOSULFATE ANHYDROUS [II], Na2O3S2, sulfothiorine, Antichlor, sodium thiosulfat, Sodium hyposulfit, sodium thio-sulfate, Cyanide Antidote Package, Hypo alcohol, in ethanol, D0P9NT, H2O3S2.2Na, H2-O3-S2.2Na, SODIUM THIOSULFATE [MI], CHEMBL3753202, DTXCID7022417, SODIUM THIOSULFATE [HSDB], AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L, Thiosulfate, Sodium, Pentahydrate, Disodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), Sodium thiosulfate, AR, >=98%, Sodium thiosulfate, LR, >=97%, SODIUM THIOSULFATE [WHO-DD], Sodium thiosulfate, p.a., 98.0%, AKOS015856704, AKOS016372312, BP-21059, Sodium thiosulfate, ReagentPlus(R), 99%, LS-153406, FT-0696570, O0522, D78333, Sodium thiosulfate, SAJ first grade, >=90.0%, Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3) sodium salt (1:2), disodium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-lambda6-sulfane, Q339866, Sodium thiosulfate, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Sodium thiosulfate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 99%, Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), sodium salt (1:2), Sodium thiosulfate, anhydrous, Trace metals grade 99.99%, Sodium thiosulfate, purum p.a., anhydrous, >=98.0% (RT), Sodium thiosulfate [JAN] [USAN] [Wiki], Sodium hyposulfite, 231-791-2 [EINECS], 231-867-5 [EINECS], 7772-98-7 [RN], Dinatriumsulfurothioat [German] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Disodium sulfurothioate [ACD/IUPAC Name], Disodium thiosulfate, Hypo alcohol, MFCD00003499 [MDL number], sodium thiosulphate, Sulfurothioate de disodium [French] [ACD/IUPAC Name], Thiosulfuric acid disodium salt, Thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt, anhydrous sodium thiosulfate, antichlor, Declor-It, disodium sulfanesulfite, DISODIUM SULFANIDESULFONATE, DISODIUM THIOSULPHATE, disodium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-λ6-sulfane, Hypo, S-Hydril, sodium oxide sulfide, Sodium oxide sulfide (Na2S2O3 ), Sodium thiosulfate (Na2 S2 O3 ), Sodium thiosulfatemissing, Sodothiol, Sulfothiorine
Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic compound with the formula Na2S2O3·xH2O, where x indicates the number of water molecules in Sodium thiosulfate.
Typically Sodium thiosulfate is available as the white or colorless pentahydrate, Na2S2O3·5H2O.
The solid is an efflorescent (loses water readily) crystalline substance that dissolves well in water.
Sodium thiosulfate is used in gold mining, water treatment, analytical chemistry, the development of silver-based photographic film and prints, and medicine.
The medical uses of sodium thiosulfate include treatment of cyanide poisoning and pityriasis.
Sodium thiosulfate is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.
Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic sodium salt with the formula Na2S2O3 composed of a 2:1 mixture of sodium and thiosulfate ions.
The uses of sodium thiosulfate are numerous, in particular as a fixing agent or to neutralize the effect of biocides such as dichlor, iodine and other oxidants, also, Sodium thiosulfate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, nephroprotective agent and antifungal.
Sodium thiosulfate is usually added to table salt at less than 0.1% and to alcoholic beverages at less than 0.0005%.
Sodium thiosulfate is usually available as an oral product without a prescription.
Sodium thiosulfate, also called thiosulfuric acid or disodium salt, is an inorganic salt that is also available in pentahydrates.
This chemical substance has a chemical formula of Na2S2O3.
Sodium thiosulfate appears as a bright white colourless crystal or even in powder form.
Sodium thiosulfate is known to possess alkaline nature when decomposed to sulphide and sulfate in the air.
Sodium thiosulfate readily dissolves in water giving thiosulfate ions, which is one of the useful reducing agents.
The Copper (II) sulfate dissolves to give the cupric ion; in regard to a redox reaction with the thiosulfate, the cupric particles act like oxidising agents.
Sodium thiosulfate or sodium hyposulfite is a crystalline compound with five molecules of water in it.
Sodium thiosulfate is important because of Sodium thiosulfate highly soluble nature, colorless and odorless.
Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic salt, also referred to as diSodium thiosulfate.
The chemical formula of sodium thiosulfate is Na2S2O3, with a molar mass of 158.11 g/mol.
Sodium thiosulfate has many applications and various medical properties.
Sodium thiosulfate, also spelled Sodium thiosulfate, is used as a medication to treat cyanide poisoning, pityriasis versicolor, and to decrease side effects from cisplatin.
For cyanide poisoning, Sodium thiosulfate is often used after the medication sodium nitrite and is typically only recommended for severe cases.
Sodium thiosulfate is either given by injection into a vein or applied to the skin.
Side effects may include vomiting, joint pain, mood changes, psychosis, and ringing in the ears.
Safety, however, has not been well studied.
Sodium thiosulfate is unclear if use during pregnancy is safe for the baby.
Sodium thiosulfate use at the same time in the same intravenous line as hydroxocobalamin is not recommended.
In cyanide poisoning, sodium nitrite creates methemoglobinemia, which removes cyanide from the mitochondria.
Sodium thiosulfate then binds with cyanide, creating the nontoxic thiocyanate.
Sodium thiosulfate came into medical use for cyanide poisoning in the 1930s.
Sodium thiosulfate is on the World Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.
Sodium thiosulfate is a commonly used chemical material, as the fixing agent in photography, film and printing plate-making industry, as a reducing agent used in tanning.
Sodium thiosulfate is used as a bleaching agent for removing residual and a mordant in the paper and textile industries, as antidotes of cyanide poisoning in medicine, as dechlorination agent and fungicides of drinking water and wastewater in water treatment, as a copper corrosion inhibitor of circulating cooling water and a deoxidizer of boiler water systems.
Sodium thiosulfate is also used for Cyanide wastewater treatment.
Soda ash and sulfur are generally used as raw materials in industry, soda ash reacts with sulfur dioxide produced by the combustion of sulfur to produce sodium sulfite, then add sulfur for boiling reactions, and then filter, bleach, concentrate and crystallize, etc, can obtain sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate.
Other production waste containing sodium sulfide, sodium sulfite, sulfur and sodium hydroxide can also be used, after appropriate treatment to get Sodium thiosulfate.
Sodium thiosulfate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum. Sodium thiosulfate is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing. Sodium thiosulfate is an inorganic sodium salt composed of sodium and thiosulfate ions in a 2:1 ratio. Sodium thiosulfate has a role as an antidote to cyanide poisoning, a nephroprotective agent and an antifungal drug. Sodium thiosulfate contains a thiosulfate(2-). Sodium Thiosulfate is a water soluble salt and reducing agent that reacts with oxidizing agents. Although Sodium thiosulfate exact mechanism of action is unknown, thiosulfate likely provides an exogenous source of sulfur, thereby hastening the detoxification of cyanide through the enzyme rhodanese (thiosulfate cyanide sulfurtransferase) which converts cyanide to the relatively nontoxic, excretable thiocyanate ion. In addition, this agent neutralizes the reactive alkylating species of nitrogen mustard, thereby decreasing skin toxicity related to nitrogen mustard extravasation. Sodium thiosulfate is an industrial chemical which also has a long medical history. Sodium thiosulfate was originally used as an intravenous medication for metal poisoning. Sodium thiosulfate has since been approved for the treatment of certain rare medical conditions. These include cyanide poisoning, calciphylaxis, and cisplatin toxicity. In vitro assays have demonstrated that Sodium thiosulfate is an anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agent. Sodium thiosulfate therefore has potential for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. NaSH has similar properties and is somewhat more powerful than Sodium thiosulfate in these in vitro assays. However Sodium thiosulfate has already been approved as an orally available treatment. Sodium thiosulfate may therefore be a readily available candidate for treating neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease. Uses of Sodium thiosulfate: Sodium thiosulfate is added in small quantities to ammonium thiosulfate, which is used as a photographic fixing salt. The hydrated salt is used as an anti-chlorine in bleaching, in wastewater purification, for reduction of dichromate in chromed leather production, and as a solvent for silver chloride in the chloride roasting of silver-containing minerals. Sodium thiosulfate is used in paper bleaching, photography (fixer), silver extraction, dyeing textiles (mordant), and leather manufacturing. Sodium thiosulfate is also used as an antidote for cyanide poisoning and in vet medicine for bloat and ringworm. Sodium thiosulfate is used predominantly in industry. For example, Sodium thiosulfate is used to convert dyes to their soluble colorless forms, which are called leuco. Sodium thiosulfate is also used to bleach "wool, cotton, silk, ...soaps, glues, clay, sand, bauxite, and... edible oils, edible fats, and gelatin." Medical uses: The main use of sodium thiosulfate is in cyanide poisoning and pityriasis versicolor. Sodium thiosulfate is used in the treatment of cyanide poisoning. Other uses include topical treatment of ringworm and tinea versicolor and treating some side effects of hemodialysis and chemotherapy. In September 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium thiosulfate under the trade name Pedmark to lessen the risk of ototoxicity and hearing loss in infant, child, and adolescent cancer patients receiving the chemotherapy medication cisplatin. Cyanide poisoning: Sodium thiosulfate is a classical antidote to cyanide poisoning, For this purpose Sodium thiosulfate is used after the medication sodium nitrite and typically only recommended for severe cases. Sodium thiosulfate is given by injection into a vein. In this use, sodium nitrite creates methemoglobinemia which removes cyanide from mitochondria. Sodium thiosulfate then serves as a sulfur donor for the conversion of cyanide to the nontoxic thiocyanate, catalyzed by the enzyme rhodanase. The thiocyanate is then safely excreted in the urine. There are concerns that sodium thiosulfate may not have a fast enough onset of action to be very useful for this use without the additional use of other agents. In cases with both cyanide poisoning and carbon monoxide poisoning, sodium thiosulfate by itself is recommended. Reducing hearing loss during chemotherapy: In September 2022, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved sodium thiosulfate under the brand name Pedmark to lessen the risk of ototoxicity and hearing loss in infant, child, and adolescent cancer patients receiving the chemotherapy medication cisplatin. In the European Union, sodium thiosulfate (Pedmarqsi) is indicated for the prevention of ototoxicity induced by cisplatin chemotherapy in people aged 1 month to < 18 years of age with localized, non-metastatic, solid tumors. The most common side effects include vomiting, nausea (feeling sick), hypernatremia (high blood levels of sodium), hypophosphatemia (low blood levels of phosphate) and hypokalemia (low blood levels of potassium). Sodium thiosulfate (Pedmarqsi) was approved for medical use in the European Union in May 2023. Hemodialysis: There is a small amount of evidence supporting the use of sodium thiosulfate to counteract calciphylaxis, the calcification of blood vessels that may occur in hemodialysis patients with end-stage kidney disease. However, Sodium thiosulfate has been claimed that this treatment may cause severe metabolic acidosis in some patients. Sodium thiosulfate has been observed to help in the treatment of a rare systemic fibrosis condition caused by gadolinium-based contrast media in patients with kidney failure. Sodium thiosulfate can also be used to measure the volume of extracellular body fluid and the renal glomerular filtration rate. Fungal infections of the skin: Foot baths of sodium thiosulfate are used for prophylaxis of ringworm. Sodium thiosulfate is also used as a topical antifungal agent for tinea versicolor (pityriasis versicolor), possibly in combination with salicylic acid; and for other fungal infections of the skin. Photographic processing: Silver halides, e.g., AgBr, typical components of photographic emulsions, dissolve upon treatment with aqueous thiosulfate. This application as a photographic fixer was discovered by John Herschel. Sodium thiosulfate is used for both film and photographic paper processing. Sodium thiosulfate is known as a photographic fixer. Sodium thiosulfate is often called 'hypo', from the original chemical name, hyposulphite of soda. Ammonium thiosulfate is typically preferred to sodium thiosulfate for this application. Neutralizing chlorinated water: Sodium thiosulfate is used to dechlorinate tap water including lowering chlorine levels for use in aquariums, swimming pools, and spas (e.g., following superchlorination) and within water treatment plants to treat settled backwash water prior to release into rivers. The reduction reaction is analogous to the iodine reduction reaction. In pH testing of bleach substances, sodium thiosulfate neutralizes the color-removing effects of bleach and allows one to test the pH of bleach solutions with liquid indicators. The relevant reaction is akin to the iodine reaction: thiosulfate reduces the hypochlorite (the active ingredient in bleach) and in so doing becomes oxidized to sulfate. The complete reaction is: 4 NaClO + Na2S2O3 + 2 NaOH → 4 NaCl + 2 Na2SO4 + H2O Similarly, sodium thiosulfate reacts with bromine, removing the free bromine from the solution. Solutions of sodium thiosulfate are commonly used as a precaution in chemistry laboratories when working with bromine and for the safe disposal of bromine, iodine, or other strong oxidizers. Widespread uses by professional workers: Sodium thiosulfate is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, metal surface treatment products, pH regulators and water treatment products, photo-chemicals, water treatment chemicals, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, leather treatment products, polishes and waxes and textile treatment products and dyes. Sodium thiosulfate is used in the following areas: mining, printing and recorded media reproduction, health services, municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment, scientific research and development and building & construction work. Sodium thiosulfate is used for the manufacture of: fabricated metal products, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products and mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement). Release to the environment of Sodium thiosulfate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, formulation in materials, in the production of articles, manufacturing of Sodium thiosulfate and of substances in closed systems with minimal release. Other release to the environment of Sodium thiosulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use. Uses at industrial sites: Sodium thiosulfate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates). Sodium thiosulfate is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, mining, printing and recorded media reproduction, health services, building & construction work and municipal supply (e.g. electricity, steam, gas, water) and sewage treatment. Sodium thiosulfate is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, textile, leather or fur, pulp, paper and paper products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement) and fabricated metal products. Release to the environment of Sodium thiosulfate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures, as processing aid, in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles, formulation in materials, of substances in closed systems with minimal release and manufacturing of Sodium thiosulfate. Other release to the environment of Sodium thiosulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use. Industry Uses: Agricultural chemicals (non-pesticidal) Chain transfer agent Cleaning agent Corrosion inhibitor Intermediate Intermediates Laboratory chemicals Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable Other (specify) Oxidizing/reducing agents Processing aids not otherwise specified Processing aids, not otherwise listed Processing aids, specific to petroleum production Reducing agent Solids separation agents Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) Surface modifier Tanning agents not otherwise specified Consumer Uses Sodium thiosulfate is used in the following products: fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, photo-chemicals, pharmaceuticals, textile treatment products and dyes and cosmetics and personal care products. Other release to the environment of Sodium thiosulfate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials). Other Consumer Uses: Cleaning agent Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable Processing aids, not otherwise listed Solvents (for cleaning or degreasing) Contemporary Uses: Sodium thiosulfate has been approved to treat some rare medical conditions. Calciphylaxis is the most prominent. Sodium thiosulfate is a potentially fatal condition resulting from kidney failure, often of unknown cause. Thrombotic lesions develop, especially in the skin. Hopeful results have been obtained through the use of intravenous Sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate has also been directly applied to dermal lesions in doses of 250 mg/ml with resolution of the lesions over a period of weeks. The success of these treatments is believed to be multifactorial. Sodium thiosulfate is known to be an anti-calcification agent with vasodilatory and antioxidant properties. Another Sodium thiosulfate use is to protect against cisplatin toxicity. Cisplatin is one of the most widely used agents to treat solid tumours. Sodium thiosulfate has adverse effects on renal, neurological, gastrointestinal and hematological systems. Toxic overdoses are common. To avoid this problem, Sodium thiosulfate has been successfully administered with cisplatin. Efficacy is thought to be related to Sodium thiosulfate binding to free platinum. Cyanide poisoning is yet another condition where Sodium thiosulfate has a treatment role. Cyanide poisoning is uncommon but deadly. Sodium thiosulfate can occur in numerous situations. Examples are fires, pest control programs, and gold mining. Combinations of Sodium thiosulfate and hydroxycobalamin have proved to be effective. The United States has a standard cyanide antidote kit which first uses a small inhaled dose of amyl nitrite, followed by intravenous sodium nitrite, and finally by intravenous sodium thiosulfate. Sodium thiosulfate has shown some promise in treating other conditions. Recently Sodium thiosulfate was demonstrated to function as an anti-inflammatory agent. For example, in acute liver failure induced in mice by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS/D-Galactosamine, the survival rate was improved by hydrogen sulfide and Sodium thiosulfate. This at least is partially due to their anti-oxidative functions. Sodium thiosulfate reacts with GSSG (oxidized glutathione) to produce reduced glutathione in the presence of hydroxyl radicals or peroxides. In addition, Sodium thiosulfate has a potential to produce hydrogen sulfide by reaction with trans-sulfuration enzymes. Industrial Processes with risk of exposure: Pulp and Paper Processing Sewer and Wastewater Treatment Leather Tanning and Processing Photographic Processing Textiles (Printing, Dyeing, or Finishing) Metal Extraction and Refining Activities with risk of exposure: Applying metallic patinas Properties of Sodium thiosulfate: Sodium thiosulfate is a colorless monoclinic crystal or white crystalline powder, odorless and salty. The relative density for this is 1.667. Water-soluble, Sodium thiosulfate solubility at 100°C is 231 g/100 ml of vapour. Sodium thiosulfate salt decomposes at high temperatures to give sodium sulfate with sodium polysulfide. Sodium thiosulfate dissociates in water and some other polar solvents. When exposed to dilute acids such as dilute hydrochloric acid, sodium thiosulfate salt undergoes a decomposition reaction to yield sulfur with sulfur dioxide. Sodium thiosulfate possesses various chemical and physical properties as given below: Sodium thiosulfate appears as a white translucent, colourless crystal and is an inorganic compound. Sodium thiosulfate is a water-soluble substance and is also soluble in the oil of turpentine but not in alcohol. Sodium thiosulfate has a melting point of about 48 to 52 C. This chemical substance is highly stable in nature and is said to be incompatible with some strong oxidising agents and strong acids. Thiosulfate anion readily reacts with the dilute acids producing sulphur, sulphur dioxide and also water. The chemical has a density measuring about 1.667 g/mL. History of Sodium thiosulfate: Sodium thiosulfate came into medical use for cyanide poisoning in the 1930s. Structure of Sodium thiosulfate: Two polymorphs are known as pentahydrate. The anhydrous salt exists in several polymorphs. In the solid state, the thiosulfate anion is tetrahedral in shape and is notionally derived by replacing one of the oxygen atoms by a sulfur atom in a sulfate anion. The S-S distance indicates a single bond, implying that the terminal sulfur holds a significant negative charge and the S-O interactions have more double-bond character. Sodium thiosulfate has a chemical formula of Na2S2O3 and a molar mass of about 158.11 g/mol. Sodium thiosulfate well exists in the form of pentahydrate salts (Na2S2O3.5H2O), having a molar mass measuring about 248.18 g/mol. Sodium thiosulfate is an ionic compound which consists of two cations of sodium atom (Na+) and a negatively charged anion of thiosulfate (S2O3-). Here, the central atom consisting of sulphur bonds to the three oxygen atoms and also another atom of sulphur, all these through a single and also double bonds possessing resonance character. The solid also exists in a monoclinic crystalline structure. The thiosulfate anion is usually a tetrahedral structure and is obtained by the replacement of one of the atoms of oxygen by the use of a sulfur atom in the sulfate anion. General Manufacturing Information of Sodium thiosulfate: Industry Processing Sectors: All Other Basic Inorganic Chemical Manufacturing All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing All Other Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing Computer and Electronic Product Manufacturing Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing Fabricated Metal Product Manufacturing Machinery Manufacturing Mining (except Oil and Gas) and support activities Miscellaneous Manufacturing Not Known or Reasonably Ascertainable Oil and Gas Drilling, Extraction, and Support activities Paint and Coating Manufacturing Paper Manufacturing Pesticide, Fertilizer, and Other Agricultural Chemical Manufacturing Petrochemical Manufacturing Petroleum Refineries Photographic Film, Paper, Plate, and Chemical Manufacturing Services Soap, Cleaning Compound, and Toilet Preparation Manufacturing Synthetic Dye and Pigment Manufacturing Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing Transportation Equipment Manufacturing Utilities Wholesale and Retail Trade Production of Sodium thiosulfate: On an industrial scale, sodium thiosulfate is produced chiefly from liquid waste products of sodium sulfide or sulfur dye manufacture. In the laboratory, this salt can be prepared by heating an aqueous solution of sodium sulfite with sulfur or by boiling aqueous sodium hydroxide and sulfur according to this equation: 6 NaOH + 4 S → 2 Na2S + Na2S2O3 + 3 H2O Preparation of Sodium thiosulfate: Sodium thiosulfate is an important chemical commodity that is known to photographers as "hypo". Sodium thiosulfate can be prepared by the reaction of sodium sulphite and the bisulphite with H2S: 2Na2S03 + 2NaHS03 + 2H2S -> 3Na2S203 + 3H20
Sodium thiosulfate can also be prepared by the reaction of sulphur with sodium sulphite above 60 °C
Na2SO3 + S -> Na2S2O3 and by the reaction of H2S and permanganate.
Sodium thiosulfate decomposes at 310°C to form sulphur and Na2S03 , and at 400°C to form Na2S4 and Na2S.
Sodium thiosulfate absorbs S02 to form free sulphur and Na2S04.
Sodium thiosulfate forms many hydrates and their solubility relationships are quite complex.
Production method:
Sodium thiosulfate is generated by heat of a solution of sodium sulfite and sulfur powder.
There are more synthesis methods of sodium thiosulfate, such as sodium sulfite method, sodium sulfide method and so on.
Sodium sulfite method:
Soda solution reacts with sulfur dioxide gas, and caustic soda was added, adding sodium sulfide to remove impurities by filtration, and then sulfur powder was dissolved in a hot solution of sodium sulfite to react, filter, remove impurities, and then filter repeatedly, add caustic alkali to process, through concentration, filtration, crystallization, centrifugal dewatering, screening, to obtain the finished product of sodium thiosulfate.
Reaction equation:
Na2CO3 + SO2 = Na2SO3 + CO2 ↑
Na2SO3 + S + 5H2O = Na2S2O3 · 5H20
Sodium sulfide method:
A raw material liquid formulated from sodium sulfide evaporation residue, barium sulfide wastewater (containing sodium carbonate and sodium sulfide) reacts with sulfur dioxide, sulfur powder was added after clarification, heated to react, evaporation, cooling crystallization, washing, separation, screening to obtain sulfur thiosulfate products.
Reaction equation:
2Na2S + Na2CO3 + 4SO2 = 3Na2S2O3 + CO2 ↑
2Na2S + 3Na2CO3 + 6SO2 + 2S = 5Na2S2O3 + 3CO2 ↑
Dehydration method is that heat sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate crystalline indirect with steam, Sodium thiosulfate dissolves into itself crystal water, concentration, centrifugal dewatering, drying, screening, to obtain the finished product of anhydrous sodium thiosulfate.
Na2S2O3 · 5H20 → Na2S2O3 + 5H2O
Principal Reactions of Sodium thiosulfate:
Upon heating to 300 °C, Sodium thiosulfate decomposes to sodium sulfate and sodium polysulfide:
4 Na2S2O3 → 3 Na2SO4 + Na2S5
Thiosulfate salts characteristically decompose upon treatment with acids.
Initial protonation occurs at sulfur.
When the protonation is conducted in diethyl ether at −78 °C, H2S2O3 (thiosulfuric acid) can be obtained.
Sodium thiosulfate is a somewhat strong acid with pKas of 0.6 and 1.7 for the first and second dissociations, respectively.
Under normal conditions, acidification of solutions of this salt excess with even dilute acids results in complete decomposition to sulfur, sulfur dioxide, and water:
8 Na2S2O3 + 16 HCl → 16 NaCl + S8 + 8 SO2 + 8 H2O
Coordination chemistry:
Thiosulfate is a potent ligand for soft metal ions.
A typical complex is [Pd(S2O3)2(ethylenediamine)]2−, which features a pair of S-bonded thiosulfate ligands.
Sodium thiosulfate and ammonium thiosulfate have been proposed as alternative lixiviants to cyanide for extraction of gold.
The advantages of this approach are that (i) thiosulfate is far less toxic than cyanide and (ii) that ore types that are refractory to gold cyanidation (e.g. carbonaceous or Carlin-type ores) can be leached by thiosulfate.
Some problems with this alternative process include the high consumption of thiosulfate, and the lack of a suitable recovery technique, since [Au(S2O3)2]3− does not adsorb to activated carbon, which is the standard technique used in gold cyanidation to separate the gold complex from the ore slurry.
Iodometry:
In analytical chemistry, the most important use comes because the thiosulfate anion reacts stoichiometrically with iodine in aqueous solution, reducing Sodium thiosulfate to iodide as the thiosulfate is oxidized to tetrathionate:
2 S2O2−3 + I2 → S4O2−6 + 2 I−
Due to the quantitative nature of this reaction, as well as because Na2S2O3·5H2O has an excellent shelf-life, Sodium thiosulfate is used as a titrant in iodometry.
Na2S2O3·5H2O is also a component of iodine clock experiments.
This particular use can be set up to measure the oxygen content of water through a long series of reactions in the Winkler test for dissolved oxygen.
Sodium thiosulfate is also used in estimating volumetrically the concentrations of certain compounds in solution (hydrogen peroxide, for instance) and in estimating the chlorine content in commercial bleaching powder and water.
Aluminium cation reaction:
Sodium thiosulfate is used in analytical chemistry.
Sodium thiosulfate can, when heated with a sample containing aluminium cations, produce a white precipitate:
2 Al3+ + 3 S2O2−3 + 3 H2O → 3 SO2 + 3 S + 2 Al(OH)3
Organic chemistry:
Alkylation of sodium thiosulfate gives S-alkylthiosulfates, which are called Bunte salts.
The alkylthiosulfates are susceptible to hydrolysis, affording the thiol.
This reaction is illustrated by one synthesis of thioglycolic acid:
ClCH2CO2H + Na2S2O3 → Na[O3S2CH2CO2H] + NaCl
Na[O3S2CH2CO2H] + H2O → HSCH2CO2H + NaHSO4
Handling and Storage of Sodium thiosulfate:
Precautions for safe handling:
Wash hands and other exposed areas with mild soap and water before eating, drinking or smoking and when leaving work.
Provide good ventilation in process area to prevent formation of vapor.
Hygiene measures:
Wash contaminated clothing before reuse.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Storage conditions:
Keep container closed when not in use.
Incompatible products:
Strong oxidizers.
Strong acids.
Incompatible materials:
Direct sunlight.
Stability and Reactivity of Sodium thiosulfate:
Reactivity:
None.
Chemical stability:
Not established.
Possibility of hazardous reactions:
Not established.
Conditions to avoid:
Direct sunlight.
Extremely high or low temperatures.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizers.
Strong acids.
Hazardous decomposition products:
Sulfur compounds.
Carbon dioxide.
First-Aid Measures of Sodium thiosulfate:
First-aid measures general:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
If you feel unwell, seek medical advice (show the label where possible).
First-aid measures after inhalation:
Allow victim to breathe fresh air.
Allow the victim to rest.
First-aid measures after skin contact:
Remove affected clothing and wash all exposed skin area with mild soap and water, followed by warm water rinse.
First-aid measures after eye contact:
Rinse immediately with plenty of water.
Obtain medical attention if pain, blinking or redness persists.
First-aid measures after ingestion:
Rinse mouth.
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Obtain emergency medical attention.
Most important symptoms and effects (acute and delayed):
Symptoms/effects:
Not expected to present a significant hazard under anticipated conditions of normal use.
Fire-Fighting Measures of Sodium thiosulfate:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Foam.
Dry powder.
Carbon dioxide.
Water spray.
Sand.
Unsuitable extinguishing media:
Do not use a heavy water stream.
Specific hazards arising from the chemical:
Fire hazard:
Not flammable.
Explosion hazard:
Not available.
Reactivity:
None.
Special protective equipment and precautions for fire-fighters:
Firefighting instructions:
Use water spray or fog for cooling exposed containers.
Exercise caution when fighting any chemical fire.
Prevent fire-fighting water from entering environment.
Protection during firefighting:
Do not enter fire area without proper protective equipment, including respiratory protection.
Accidental Release Measures of Sodium thiosulfate:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
General measures:
None.
For non-emergency personnel:
Protective equipment:
Safety glasses.
Emergency procedures:
Evacuate unnecessary personnel.
For emergency responders:
Protective equipment:
Equip cleanup crew with proper protection.
Emergency procedures:
Ventilate area.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent entry to sewers and public waters.
Notify authorities if liquid enters sewers or public waters.
Methods and material for containment and cleaning up:
For containment:
Dam up the liquid spill.
Methods for cleaning up:
Soak up spills with inert solids, such as clay or diatomaceous earth as soon as possible.
Collect spillage.
Store away from other materials.
Identifiers of Sodium thiosulfate:
CAS Number:
7772-98-7
(pentahydrate): 10102-17-7
ChEBI: CHEBI:132112
ChEMBL: (pentahydrate): ChEMBL2096650
ChemSpider: 22885
ECHA InfoCard: 100.028.970
EC Number: 231-867-5
E number: E539 (acidity regulators, …)
PubChem CID: 24477
RTECS number: XN6476000
UNII: L0IYT1O31N
(pentahydrate): HX1032V43M
CompTox Dashboard (EPA): DTXSID9042417
InChI: InChI=1S/2Na.H2O3S2/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2
Key: AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L
InChI=1/2Na.H2O3S2/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2
Key: AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-NUQVWONBAM
(pentahydrate): InChI=1S/2Na.H2O3S2.5H2O/c;;1-5(2,3)4;;;;;/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4);5*1H2/q2*+1;;;;;;/p-2
Key: PODWXQQNRWNDGD-UHFFFAOYSA-L
SMILES:
[Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S
(pentahydrate): O.O.O.O.O.O=S([O-])([O-])=S.[Na+].[Na+]
CAS number: 7772-98-7
EC number: 231-867-5
Hill Formula: Na₂O₃S₂
Molar Mass: 158.10 g/mol
HS Code: 2832 30 00
Quality Level: MQ200
Synonyms: Sodium thiosulfate
Linear Formula: Na2S2O3
CAS Number: 7772-98-7
Molecular Weight: 158.11
Linear Formula: Na2S2O3
MDL Number: MFCD00003499
EC No.: 231-867-5
Beilstein/Reaxys No.: N/A
Pubchem CID: 24477
IUPAC Name: disodium; dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-λ6-sulfane
SMILES: [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=S
InchI Identifier: InChI=1S/2Na.H2O3S2/c;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q2*+1;/p-2
InchI Key: AKHNMLFCWUSKQB-UHFFFAOYSA-L
Properties of Sodium thiosulfate:
Chemical formula: Na2S2O3
Molar mass: 158.11 g/mol (anhydrous)
248.18 g/mol (pentahydrate)
Appearance: White crystals
Odor: Odorless
Density: 1.667 g/cm3
Melting point: 48.3 °C (118.9 °F; 321.4 K) (pentahydrate)
Boiling point: 100 °C (212 °F; 373 K) (pentahydrate, – 5H2O decomposition)
Solubility in water: 70.1 g/100 mL (20 °C)[1]
231 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility: negligible in alcohol
Refractive index (nD): 1.489
Density: 1.667 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Melting Point: 48 °C
pH value: 6.0 – 9.5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Bulk density: 1350 kg/m3
Solubility: 701 g/l
Molecular Weight: 158.11 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4
Rotatable Bond Count: 0
Exact Mass: 157.90842477 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 157.90842477 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 104Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 7
Complexity: 82.6
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Specifications of Sodium thiosulfate:
Assay (iodometric): ≥ 97.0 %
Identity: passes test
pH-value (5 %; water): 6.0 – 9.5
Sulphide (S): ≤ 0.002 %
Fe (Iron): ≤ 0.005 %
Heavy metals (as Pb): ≤ 0.005 %
Structure of Sodium thiosulfate:
Crystal structure: monoclinic
Related compounds of Sodium thiosulfate:
Other cations:
Thiosulfuric acid
Lithium thiosulfate
Potassium thiosulfate
Names of Sodium thiosulfate:
Regulatory process names:
Sodium thiosulphate
sodium thiosulphate
Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), disodium salt
IUPAC names:
disodium sulfanidesulfonate
disodium sulfanidesulfonate pentahydrate
Disodium thiosulfate
disodium thiosulfate
disodium thiosulphate
disodium;dioxido-oxo-sulfanylidene-λ⁶-sulfane
hydrogen sulfurothioate
Sodio Tiosulfato 5-hidrato
Sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulfate
Sodium thiosulfate
Sodium Thiosulfate [for General Organic Chemistry]
Sodium Thiosulphate
Sodium thiosulphate
sodium thiosulphate
Sodium thiosulphate
sodium thiosulphate
sodium thiosulphate , Antichlor , Disodium thiosulphate , Thiosulfuric acid, disodium salt
Sodium Tiosulphate
sodium; sulfurothioic O-acid
Thiosulfuric acid (H2S2O3), disodium salt
IUPAC name:
Sodium thiosulfate
Trade names:
Sodium thiosulfate
sodium thiosulphate
Other names:
Sodium hyposulphite
Hyposulphite of soda
Hypo
Other identifiers:
10102-17-7
1374442-73-5
13773-27-8
220945-47-1
7772-98-7