THIOFIDE
THIOFIDE
Thiofide is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C14H8N2S4.
Thiofide is an organic disulfide compound derived from benzothiazole.
Thiofide is commonly used as an accelerator in the production of rubber and latex products.
CAS Number: 120-78-5
EC Number: 204-424-9
Molecular Formula: C14H8N2S4
Molecular Weight: 332.49
Synonyms: 120-78-5, 2,2′-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), 2,2′-Dithiobisbenzothiazole, Thiofide, Dibenzothiazyl disulfide, Benzothiazyl disulfide, Altax, Benzothiazole disulfide, MBTS, Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Vulkacit DM, Bis(2-benzothiazyl) disulfide, Pneumax DM, Vulcafor MBTS, Dibenzoylthiazyl disulfide, Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 2,2′-Benzothiazyl disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, Dibenzothiazolyl disulphide, 2,2′-DIBENZOTHIAZYL DISULFIDE, Bis(2-benzothiazolyl) disulfide, Ekagom GS, Accel TM, 2-Benzothiazolyl disulfide, Vulkacit DM/C, 1,2-bis(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane, Royal MBTS, Benzothiazole, 2,2′-dithiobis-, Dibenzthiazyl disulfide, MBTS rubber accelerator, dibenzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, Vulkacit dm/mgc, 2,2′-Dibenzothiazolyl disulfide, 2-Benzothiazyl disulfide, Benzothiazole, dithiobis-, 2,2′-Bis(benzothiazolyl) disulfide, 2-Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, BTS-SBT, Di-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide, 2,2-dithiobis(benzothiazole), Dithiobis(benzothiazole), Mercaptobenzthiazyl ether, 2-(1,3-Benzothiazol-2-yldisulfanyl)-1,3-benzothiazole, Naugex MBT, USAF CY-5, 2,2′-Dithiobis(1,3-benzothiazole), USAF EK-5432, CHEBI:53239, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu, Benzothiazol-2-yl disulfide, di(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, 2,2′-Dithiobis-benzothiazole, 2,2′-Dibenzothiazoyl disulfide, 2,2′-Dithiobis[benzothiazole], NSC-2, DTXSID1020146, BI-87F4, 6OK753033Z, 1,2-di(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)disulfane, NCGC00091238-02, DTXCID70146, Caswell No. 408A, NSC 2, 2,2′-Dibenzothiazyldisulfide, CAS-120-78-5, Benzthiazole disulfide, CCRIS 4637, HSDB 1137, Di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, Dwusiarczek dwubenzotiazylu [Polish], EINECS 204-424-9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009202, BRN 0285796, Mercaptobenzothiazole disulfide, AI3-07662, 2,2′-Dithio(bis)benzothiazole, Sanceler DM, UNII-6OK753033Z, Perkacit MBTS, DBTD, dibenzothiazyl disulphide, Dibenzothiazole disulfide, dibenzo thiazyl disulfide, NSC2, Epitope ID:138947, Mercaptobenzothiazolyl ether, 2,2′-dithiobisbenzthiazole, EC 204-424-9, Benzothiazole,2′-dithiobis-, Mercaptobenzothiazyl disulfide, SCHEMBL23527, 4-27-00-01862 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), (benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, (benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, 2,2′-Dithio-bis-benzothiazole, 2,2?-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), CHEMBL508112, 2,2 inverted exclamation marka-Dithiobis(benzothiazole), di(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, bis(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulphide, bis(benzothiazole-2-yl)disulfide, bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl)disulphide, Di-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-disulfide, Bis(benzothiazole-2-yl) disulfide, bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulfide, bis-(benzothiazol-2-yl) disulphide, Tox21_111106, BDBM50444458, MFCD00022874, STK171119, MBTS (2,2′-Dithiobisbenzothiazole), AKOS001022311, BIS(2-BENZOTHIAZYL) DISULPHIDE, Tox21_111106_1, 2,2′-DIBENZOTHIAZOLE DISULFIDE,
Thiofide is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.
Thiofide is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
Thiofide is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.
Thiofide can be used as accelerator for general rubber.
Thiofide is also used as plasticizer in chloroprene rubbes.
Thiofide is a Standardized Chemical Allergen.
The physiologic effect of 2,2′-dithiobisbenzothiazole is by means of Increased Histamine Release, and Cell-mediated Immunity.
Thiofide’s industry uses also include fillers, fuels and fuel additives, intermediates, process regulator, propels and blowing agents2.
Thiofide is a rubber chemical used as a vulcanization accelerant.
The most frequent occupational categories are metal industry, homemakers, health services and laboratories, and building industries.
An organic disulfide resulting from the formal oxidative coupling of the thiol groups of two molecules of 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol.
Thiofide is used as an accelerator in the rubber industry.
This rubber chemical of the mercaptobenzothiazole group is used as a vulcanization accelerant.
The most frequent occupational categories are metal industry, homemakers, health services and laboratories, and the building industry.
Thiofide is an accelerator used in the processing process for natural and synthetic rubber and plastic regeneration.
Thiofide is also a known allergen and dermatological sensitizer.
Thiofide is approved for use within allergenic epicutaneous patch tests which are indicated for use as an aid in the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in persons 6 years of age and older.
As an accelerator, Thiofide promotes the vulcanization process in rubber manufacturing, which enhances the mechanical properties and durability of rubber products.
Thiofide helps to speed up the curing process and improve the cross-linking of polymer chains, resulting in the formation of a more stable and resilient rubber matrix.
Thiofide may have other applications, including in the synthesis of organic compounds and as a chemical intermediate in various industries.
However, Thiofide’s primary use remains in rubber processing due to its effectiveness as a vulcanization accelerator.
Thiofide acts as a sulfur donor and accelerator during the vulcanization process of rubber.
Vulcanization involves heating natural or synthetic rubber with sulfur and accelerators to improve its strength, elasticity, and resistance to heat, wear, and aging.
Thiofide helps to activate the vulcanization reaction, leading to the formation of cross-links between rubber polymer chains, which enhances the mechanical properties of the final rubber product.
Thiofide is often used as a secondary accelerator in combination with primary accelerators such as thiazoles, sulfenamides, or thiurams.
This combination allows for better control over the vulcanization process, optimizing curing time, temperature, and mechanical properties of the rubber compound.
Thiofide exhibits delayed action characteristics, meaning it activates the vulcanization process at elevated temperatures rather than immediately upon mixing with rubber compounds.
This delayed action allows for extended processing times and improved dispersion of ingredients in the rubber mixture before curing, contributing to better uniformity and quality of the final product.
Thiofide is compatible with a wide range of rubbers, including natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polybutadiene rubber (BR), butyl rubber (IIR), and nitrile rubber (NBR).
Thiofide’s compatibility with various rubber types makes it a versatile accelerator in rubber compounding applications.
The optimal dosage of Thiofide in rubber formulations depends on factors such as the type of rubber, curing system, processing conditions, and desired properties of the final product.
Thiofide is essential to handle Thiofide with care and follow recommended safety precautions, as Thiofide may cause skin and eye irritation and should be stored away from heat, flames, and incompatible materials.
Manufacturers and users of Thiofide must adhere to regulatory requirements and guidelines regarding its safe handling, storage, labeling, and disposal.
In addition to its role as an accelerator, Thiofide also functions as a cross-linking agent in rubber vulcanization.
Cross-linking refers to the formation of chemical bonds between polymer chains, which strengthens the rubber matrix and enhances its mechanical properties such as tensile strength, elasticity, and tear resistance.
Thiofide facilitates the formation of sulfur bridges between polymer chains during vulcanization, leading to the cross-linking of rubber molecules.
Thiofide exhibits temperature sensitivity in its vulcanization activity.
Thiofide activates more rapidly at elevated temperatures, which is advantageous in rubber processing operations where higher curing temperatures are employed.
This temperature sensitivity allows for efficient curing of rubber compounds in various manufacturing processes, including injection molding, extrusion, and compression molding.
Thiofide is compatible with various processing aids and additives commonly used in rubber compounding, such as antioxidants, antiozonants, plasticizers, and fillers.
Thiofide’s compatibility ensures uniform dispersion and effective interaction with other ingredients in rubber formulations, leading to consistent curing and desirable properties in the final rubber products.
Thiofide is extensively used in the tire industry for the production of automobile tires, motorcycle tires, and other rubber-based components used in vehicle construction.
Thiofide’s role as a vulcanization accelerator and cross-linking agent contributes to the performance, safety, and durability of tires, including their traction, wear resistance, and resistance to aging and degradation under harsh environmental conditions.
Ongoing research and development efforts focus on optimizing the properties and performance of Thiofide and exploring its potential applications in emerging areas such as green tire technology, where sustainability and environmental considerations are paramount.
Researchers are investigating alternative curing systems and formulations that reduce the dependence on conventional accelerators like Thiofide while maintaining or improving the performance of rubber products.
Thiofide is driven by the growth of the automotive industry, increasing tire manufacturing activities, and the expansion of other industrial sectors that utilize rubber products.
The global market for rubber accelerators, including Thiofide, is influenced by factors such as economic trends, technological advancements, regulatory policies, and consumer preferences for high-performance and eco-friendly products.
Thiofide is an accelerator for natural rubber, synthetic rubber and plastic regeneration.
Thiofide’s usage includes tires, hoses, rubber mats, tarpaulins, unveiled silk goods, wires, cables, and other ‘non-food’ use of rubber products.
Further research may identify additional product or industrial usages of this chemical.
This is an accelerator for rubber processing and PVC.
Thiofide is found in the rubber industry.
This test method describes the determination of assay of Thiofide.
Thiofide is based on a titration of free iodine liberated upon reduction of MBTS, with potassium iodide (KI) in acid medium.
Thiofide has a molecular structure consisting of two benzothiazole rings connected by a disulfide (-S-S-) linkage.
This structure imparts unique chemical and physical properties to Thiofide, making it an effective accelerator and cross-linking agent in rubber vulcanization processes.
Thiofide exhibits different curing characteristics compared to other accelerators commonly used in rubber compounding.
Thiofide’s delayed action and moderate vulcanization rate make it suitable for applications where precise control over curing time and temperature is required.
This characteristic allows rubber manufacturers to adjust processing parameters to achieve desired properties in the final rubber products.
Thiofide demonstrates good compatibility with various fillers and reinforcements used in rubber formulations, such as carbon black, silica, and mineral fillers.
This compatibility enhances the dispersion of fillers in rubber compounds and promotes the reinforcement effect, resulting in improved mechanical strength, abrasion resistance, and tear resistance in vulcanized rubber products.
As with any chemical used in industrial processes, the environmental impact of Thiofide is a concern.
Efforts are underway to develop eco-friendly alternatives to conventional rubber accelerators like MBTS to reduce environmental pollution and mitigate health risks associated with their use.
These alternatives may include bio-based accelerators, renewable resources, and green chemistry approaches that prioritize sustainability and environmental stewardship.
Thiofide is subject to regulatory oversight by national and international agencies responsible for chemical safety and environmental protection.
Regulatory compliance ensures that Thiofide-containing products meet stringent standards for human health and environmental safety.
Manufacturers and users of MBTS must adhere to regulatory requirements regarding labeling, handling, storage, transportation, and disposal to minimize risks and ensure compliance with applicable regulations.
The production and consumption of Thiofide are influenced by factors such as regional demand for rubber products, industrialization, economic growth, and technological advancements in rubber processing.
Major producers of Thiofide are located in regions with significant rubber manufacturing industries, including Asia-Pacific, North America, and Europe.
The global market for rubber accelerators, including Thiofide, is characterized by competition, innovation, and evolving market dynamics.
Applications of Thiofide:
Rubber Industry:
Primary use as an accelerator in the production of tires, automotive parts, conveyor belts, and various molded rubber products.
Chemical Intermediates:
Thiofide is used as an intermediate in the synthesis of other organic compounds.
Research:
In scientific research, MBTS is employed in studies related to rubber chemistry, polymer science, and materials engineering.
Thiofide is a versatile compound crucial for enhancing the performance and properties of rubber materials through efficient vulcanization processes.
Thiofide’s chemical and physical properties make it a key ingredient in various industrial applications involving rubber products.
Uses of Thiofide:
Thiofide has the potential to combat HPV, acting as a zinc-ejecting inhibitor.
Thiofide also can act as radical polymerization photo-initiators or co-initiators.
Thiofide is an accelerator for natural rubber, nitrile-butadiene, butyl and styrene-butadiene rubber; a retarder for chloroprene rubber.
Thiofide is utilized in the production of rubber components for footwear, including shoe soles, heels, and outsoles.
Thiofide’s role as a vulcanization accelerator ensures that rubber compounds cure efficiently, resulting in durable and resilient shoe materials that withstand repeated impact and wear.
In industries such as mining, agriculture, and logistics, rubber belts are essential for conveying materials and goods.
Thiofide is incorporated into rubber belting formulations to improve the tensile strength, abrasion resistance, and longevity of the belts.
Vulcanized rubber belts reinforced with Thiofide exhibit superior performance in demanding industrial environments.
Beyond tires, Thiofide is used in the manufacturing of various rubber components for automotive applications, including engine mounts, suspension bushings, gaskets, and seals.
These components require robust rubber materials that can withstand mechanical stress, vibration, temperature fluctuations, and exposure to automotive fluids, all of which are enhanced by Thiofide-accelerated vulcanization.
Thiofide contributes to the production of rubber matting and flooring materials used in commercial, industrial, and recreational settings.
Rubber mats and flooring tiles formulated with Thiofide exhibit resilience, slip resistance, and durability, making them suitable for applications such as gym flooring, playground surfaces, industrial flooring, and livestock mats.
Thiofide is employed in the formulation of rubberized fabrics and coatings used in applications such as protective clothing, industrial aprons, waterproofing membranes, and corrosion-resistant coatings.
Rubber compounds containing MBTS provide flexibility, impermeability, and chemical resistance, enhancing the performance and longevity of these materials in various environments.
In the construction industry, Thiofide finds use in rubberized construction materials such as seals, gaskets, expansion joints, and roofing membranes.
These materials benefit from Thiofide-accelerated vulcanization, which ensures proper curing and bonding of rubber components, resulting in durable and weather-resistant construction elements.
Rubber products utilized in marine and offshore environments, such as marine fenders, dock bumpers, and offshore platform components, rely on Thiofide for accelerated vulcanization and enhanced mechanical properties.
Thiofide-treated rubber materials exhibit resistance to saltwater, UV radiation, and mechanical abrasion, prolonging their service life in harsh marine environments.
Thiofide is used as rubber accelerator, polychloroprene plasticizer/retarder, and neoprene retarder.
Thiofide is also used for general mechanicals and white stocks.
Thiofide is used as cure modifier for neoprene type W and as oxidation cure activator in butyl.
Thiofide is used for extruded and molded products, tires, tubes, wire, cable, and sponge.
Workers may be exposed in metals, home, health, laboratory, and building industries.
Thiofide can be used as a binder in the preparation of graphene nano-platelet based inks for the fabrication of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
Thiofide can also be used as a viscosity enhancer in the development of tyrosinase based inks for the formation of electrodes for biosensor applications.
Thiofide is used as a support material for a variety of cathodes and anodes for microbial fuel cells.
Thiofide is widely used as a rubber accelerator in the vulcanization process.
Thiofide promotes the cross-linking of rubber molecules, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network structure that improves the mechanical properties of rubber products.
Accelerators like Thiofide enhance the curing rate of rubber compounds, allowing for shorter processing times and increased production efficiency.
One of the primary applications of Thiofide is in the manufacturing of tires for automobiles, trucks, bicycles, and other vehicles.
As a rubber accelerator, Thiofide helps to accelerate the vulcanization process during tire production, leading to tires with enhanced strength, durability, and resistance to wear and tear.
Thiofide contributes to the performance characteristics of tires, including traction, grip, and longevity.
Thiofide is used in the production of a wide range of rubber products beyond tires, including conveyor belts, rubber hoses, seals, gaskets, shoe soles, automotive parts, industrial components, and sporting goods.
Thiofide’s role as a vulcanization accelerator ensures the consistent and efficient curing of rubber compounds, resulting in high-quality finished products with desirable mechanical properties.
Thiofide is also employed as an accelerator in the formulation of rubber-based adhesives and sealants.
Thiofide facilitates the curing process of rubber adhesives, enabling strong and durable bonds between different substrates. Rubber sealants containing Thiofide exhibit excellent adhesion, flexibility, and resistance to environmental factors such as temperature extremes and moisture.
Thiofide is used in the insulation of wires and cables to improve the mechanical properties and longevity of the insulation materials.
By accelerating the vulcanization of rubber-based insulation compounds, Thiofide helps to ensure that the insulation layer maintains its integrity and electrical performance over time, even under challenging operating conditions.
Various industrial rubber goods, such as belts, hoses, seals, and gaskets used in machinery, equipment, and infrastructure, benefit from the addition of Thiofide as a curing agent.
Thiofide contributes to the resilience, flexibility, and longevity of these rubber components, allowing them to withstand harsh operating environments and mechanical stresses.
Typical Properties of Thiofide:
Thiofide possesses several important properties that make it useful as an accelerator in the vulcanization process of rubber.
Here are some key properties:
Physical Properties:
Molecular Formula: C14H8N2S4
Molecular Weight: Approximately 332.5 g/mol
Appearance: Thiofide typically appears as a pale yellow powder or granules.
Melting Point: The melting point of Thiofide is around 177-181°C.
Chemical Properties:
Structure: Thiofide consists of two benzothiazole rings linked by a disulfide (S-S) bridge.
Solubility: Thiofide is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like acetone, ethyl acetate, and chloroform.
Reactivity: Thiofide acts as a delayed-action accelerator in rubber vulcanization, promoting cross-linking of rubber molecules when heated with sulfur.
Functional Properties:
Accelerator Activity: Thiofide accelerates the vulcanization process of rubber, improving its elasticity, strength, and durability.
Curing Characteristics: Thiofide provides a balanced vulcanization rate, contributing to the control and optimization of the curing process.
Compatibility: Thiofide is compatible with various rubbers including natural rubber (NR), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), and butyl rubber (BR), among others.
Safety Profile of Thiofide:
Poison by intravenous andintraperitoneal routes.
Slightly toxic by ingestion.
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenicdata.
Mutation data reported.
Thiofide can cause skin irritation upon direct contact.
Prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to sensitization, where individuals develop allergic reactions upon subsequent contact with the substance.
Symptoms of skin sensitization may include redness, itching, swelling, and dermatitis.
Contact with Thiofide can cause irritation to the eyes, leading to symptoms such as redness, tearing, pain, and blurred vision.
Accidental splashes or exposure to airborne particles of Thiofide can pose a risk of eye irritation.
Immediate rinsing with water is recommended in case of eye contact.
Inhalation of Thiofide dust, mist, or vapor may irritate the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, throat irritation, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.
Prolonged or high-level exposure to Thiofide in poorly ventilated areas may exacerbate respiratory symptoms and discomfort.
Identifiers of Thiofide:
Chemical Formula: C14H8N2S4
Molecular Weight: Approximately 332.5 g/mol
CAS Number: 120-78-5
EC Number (EINECS): 204-424-9
Properties of Thiofide:
Melting point: 177-180 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 532.5±33.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.5
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.5700 (estimate)
Flash point: 271°C
storage temp.: Keep in dark place,Sealed in dry,Room Temperature
solubility: 0.01g/l
form: powder to crystal
pka: -0.58±0.10(Predicted)
color: Cream to pale-yellow powder
Odor: gray-wh. to cream powd. or pellets, sl. odor
Water Solubility: <0.01 g/100 mL at 21 ºC Merck: 14,3370 InChIKey: AFZSMODLJJCVPP-UHFFFAOYSA-N LogP: 4.5 at 20℃